ANIMAL
CLASSIFICATION,
PYLOGENY &
ORGANIZATION
Roselyn Aperocho – Naranjo
USPF, College of Pharmacy
www.roselynnaranjo.vze.com
http://www.ltcconline.net/kloss/bio212/ch__7.htm
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Introduction
A. Biologists have named and described more
than 1.4 million species
B. More than .75 of these are animals
C. Many zoologists group organisms by shared
characteristics
1. these shared characteristics are a consequence
of shared evolutionary processes
2. these groupings reflect order found in living
systems
3. there are still 4 - 30 million undescribed species,
lots of work left
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Introduction
A. Biologists have named and described more
than 1.4 million species
B. More than .75 of these are animals
C. Many zoologists group organisms by shared
characteristics
4. There are 36 different animal phyla, the highest
taxon under the kingdom level
5. the most recently discovered animal phylum was
designated in 1995 by Kirstensen
and Funch in Denmark - Cycliophora
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Introduction
Cycliophora
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Classification of Organisms
1. Language helps us to communicate, but
also to encode and classify concepts,
objects and organisms
2. To name organisms just by species
names does not help us much
3. A classification system reflects the order and
relationships that arise from evolutionary
processes
4. The study of the diversity among organisms,
the evolutionary relationships among them is
called systematics; taxonomy is the naming
and classifying of organisms
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Classification of Organisms
5. These studies result in description of new
species and org of animals into groups (taxa)
based on evolutionary relatedness
6. Nomenclature is the assigning of a
distinctive name to each species
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Taxonomic hierarchy
1. Karl von Linne - Carolus Linnaeus
- 1707-1778 instituted
binomial system we use
today
2. grouped different species into broader
categories based on shared
characteristics
3. A grouping of animals that shares
characteristics is called a taxon - kpcofgs.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Taxonomic hierarchy
taxon - kpcofgs
a. housefly shares 1 pr wings w/ all true flies –
same genus
b. share other characteristics with bees,
butterflies, beetles - all are insects
c. above spp. level, definitions of what forms
taxon are not precise - lots of arguments
d. ideally, members of same taxon are more
closely related genetically than w/others not
in taxon
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Nomenclature
1. binomial nomenclature adds precision to
names of organisms
2. common names vary from city to city, country
to country
3. common names often designate genera, not
species
4. no other animal or organism has the same
binomial nomenclature
5. genus is capitalized, species is lowercase;
both are italicized or underlined, separately
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
D. Molecular approaches to systematics
1. molecular bio has provided important info for
taxonomy of plants and animals
2. relatedness of particular organisms is reflected in
shared DNA sequences, as well as in protein
products
3. genes and proteins from related animals are more
similar than genes and proteins from distantly
related animals
4. since mutation rate is constant, a relationship to
frequency of cell division, taxonomists can
ascertain the length of time since divergence
from a common ancestor
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
D. Molecular approaches to systematics
5. using mitochondria in eukaryotes involves
relatively small quantities of DNA that change at
a relatively constant rate
6. this is called a molecular clock
7. molecular clocks run at difft rates depending on
if you are looking at DNA, RNA, protein, etc
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
1. Whittaker - 1969 - described 5 kingdoms based on
cellular organization and mode of nutrition
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
MONERA
E. Kingdoms of Life
Cell: •not enclosed in a distinct nuclear membrane
•Very small in size (about 1 micrometer)
•may be arranged in rows or in clusters )
•can survive unfavorable conditions such as
extreme dryness or heat by producing an extra
spore coat.
•can be round, rodshaped, or spiral-shaped
•can be round, rodshaped, or spiral-shaped
Reproduction: reproduce through binary fission
(asexual) or conjugation (sexual)
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
MONERA
E. Kingdoms of Life
Respiration:
•obligate aerobes, the prokaryotes must have
oxygen to live
•obligate anaerobes, the organisms cannot
survive in the presence of oxygen
• facultative anaerobes they can survive with
or without oxygen.
Digestion:
extracellular (outside the cell) and nutrients
are absorbed into the cell
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
MONERA
E. Kingdoms of Life
Circulation:
• accomplished through diffusion
Nutritional Diversity:
•Autotrophs manufacture their own organic
compounds
• Heterotrophs obtain their energy by feeding
on other organic substances
• Saprophytes, a special kind of heterotroph,
obtain energy by feeding on
decaying matter
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
FUNGI
E. Kingdoms of Life
• are unicellular or filamentous.
• their body is prepared by the mycelium that
comprise the thread like hyphae.
• Mycelium appears like the web of spider.
• Walls of most of the hyphae are made up of
chitin and cellulose.
• Number of nuclei in the cells may be one, two or
more.
• they do not have chlorophyll and starch in their
cells.
• Glycogen is the reserve food.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
FUNGI
E. Kingdoms of Life
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PROTISTA
E. Kingdoms of Life
euglena
•
Protista have simple unicellular, colonial and
eukaryotic organization.
• There are true nucleus and membrane bound other
cell organelles, cytoplasmic streaming and sap
vacuoles.
• Locomotion is generally present.
• It occurs with the help of flagella and pseudopodia.
•
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PROTISTA
•
•
•
•
•
E. Kingdoms of Life
Some protista are covered with cell wall while
others do not posses it.
It is diverse photosynthetic holozoic.
Photosynthetic nutrition occurs in unicellular algae
euglena like organisms.
Organisms with mixotrophic nutrition are called as
plant-animals.
Sexual reproduction is present but an embryo
stage is absent.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PROTISTA
E. Kingdoms of Life
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
• Plants are living organisms which cannot move
and prepares their food themselves by the
process of photosynthesis
• Plant kingdom includes trees, shrebs, herbs,
grasses, ferns, bushes etc.,. Some of the
nourishment that is needed to our body is
provided by plants.
• Plant Kngdom was originally proposed by
Linnaeus
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Bryophytes
These are the simple land
plants without leaves and
roots. They have hair like
structures called Rhizoids
to hold the surface. They
need water for
fertilization. Embryo forms
after fertilization. Eg.
Moses. We can find
Bryophytes growing on
rocks, soil and on trees.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Pteridophytes
In these plant body
contains stem, roots
and leaves. Vascular
system is
present. Fertilized
egg becomes embryo.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Gymnosperms
Stem is erect and have branches. Reproduction is
sexual. Leaves are photosynthetic. Gametophytes
are very reduced in their size. These are the first
seeded plants. The literal meaning of Gymnosperms
is Naked Seed.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Gymnosperms
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Angiosperms
Monocotyledons
Have only one
cotyledon in the
seed. Eg., wheat,
maize and paddy.
Dicotyledons
Have two cotyledons in
the seed. Eg., Ground nut,
Bean Pea.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
PLANTAE
E. Kingdoms of Life
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
ANIMALIA
E. Kingdoms of Life
Characteristics:
1. Animals are heterotrophic, meaning they depend on
other organisms for food. Unlike plants and other
photosynthetic organisms, animals do not contain
chlorophyll that is essential in food production.
2. All animals are multicellular. Their cells are highly
specialized to perform specific functions, such as
digestion, movement, reproduction, and excretion.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
ANIMALIA
E. Kingdoms of Life
Characteristics:
3. Animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have a welldefined nucleus. They also have membrane-bound
organelles.
4. Many animals are motile. They move from place to
place in search of food, mate, a better place to live, and to
avoid danger.
5. Most animals exhibit sexual reproduction. Each
individual grows from a fertilized egg and passes through
various distinct stages of embryonic development.
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
2. Ribosomal RNA is pretty constant, doesn’t
change
much- exhibits evolutionary conservation
can’t mess too much w/ protein making
mechanism
3. biologists compare ribosomal RNA of different
organisms to find how sequences are different.
4. look at all possible arrangement and figure out
which arrangement best explains data
5. Studies of ribosomal RNA indicates that there are
3 main evolutionary lineages - domains
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
6. domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) are
broadest taxonomic grouping
a. archaea - all anaerobic, from hostile environments
b. Archaeans gave rise to bacteria - true bacteria =
eubacteria, prokaryotic
c. eubacteria diverged first from archaea, then
eukarya diverged. So all eukaryotes are more
closely related to archaea than eubacteria
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
1. goal is to arrange animals into groups that reflect
evolutionary relationships
2. groups should include ancestral species
and all descendants - monophyletic group
1. molecular traits - e.g. DNA sequence
2. anatomical features - e.g. bones in forelimbs
3. monophyletic group - includes ancestor and all
descendants
4. paraphyletic group - includes some but not all
members of a lineage
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
1. goal is to arrange animals into groups that reflect
evolutionary relationships
2. groups should include ancestral species
and all descendants - monophyletic group
5. polyphyletic group - members that can be
traced to a different lineage
6. 3 different schools have developed due to
disagreements on whether data may be used to
describe distant evolutionary relationships, and
methods of investigation
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of investigation
a. evolutionary systematics - "traditional approach"
1. basic assumption - organisms more
closely related to an ancestor will
resemble the ancestor more than they
resemble distantly related organisms
2. homology vs. analogy
a) analogies often develop in response
to similar selective pressures convergent evolution
3. work often portrayed in phylogenetic
trees
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of investigation
b. numerical taxonomy - believed criteria for traditional
systematics had become too arbitrary and vague
1. objectivity - mathematical models,
computer aided techniques to group samples of
organisms according to overall similarity
2. do not attempt to distinguish homology and
analogy - data will overshadow and correct
3. limit discussions of ancestry to closely related
taxa
4. least popular of all the schools
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of investigation
c. phylogenetic systematics - also called cladistics
1. goal is to generate hypotheses of
ancestry among monophyletic groups
2. they argue that their methods are more
objective than traditional approach
3. use analogy and homology, but are
most interested in homologies of
recent origin
4. character shared by all members of a
group is called symplesiomorphy
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of investigation
c. phylogenetic systematics - also called cladistics
5. to decide what character is ancestral to a
group of organisms, they pick a related group
called the outgroup
a. characters that have arisen since
common ancestry with the outgroup are
called synapomorphies or derived
characters
6. cladogram is a family tree depicting a
hypothesis of regarding monophyletic lineages
Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of investigation
c. phylogenetic systematics - also called cladistics
7. cladogram, traditional groupings on top; see
bird/reptile relationships
a. generations of taxonomists have assigned class level status
to birds
b. reptiles have also had class status
c. birds more closely related to alligators and crocs than other
reptiles;
d. grouping should reflect this
e. trad. maintain correctness, bc feathers are important traits
to distinguish them, cladistics maintains that value
judgments have no place here
f. this is part of science, and what drives investigation
VIDEO PRESENTATION
Biological Classification: Kingdoms