‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
1
Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
Zuhairmustafa4@hotmail.com
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Introduction to Radiology
1. Definition of Radiology
3

Radiology is a medical
specialty using medical
imaging technologies to
diagnose and treat
patients.
1. Definition of Radiology
4

Radiology is a medical
specialty using medical
imaging technologies to
diagnose and treat
patients.
2. What are our tools?
5






X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Conventional Radiography “X-Ray”
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Conventional Radiography “X-Ray”
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
Terms:



Density
Opacity
Observable Densities:



Bone
Soft Tissue
Gas
2. What our are tools?
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





X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Computed Tomography (CT)
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Computed Tomography (CT)
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
Terms:




Attenuation
Density
Enhancement
Large radiation dose
2. What are our tools?
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





X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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
Terms:






No radiation
Strong magnetic field





Signal intensity
T1
T2
Enhancement
No pacemakers
No electronic implants
Small, loud tube
Patients must hold still
Relatively expensive
2. What are our tools?
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





X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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
Terms:






Echogenicity
Shadowing
Doppler for flow
No radiation
Can be portable
Relatively inexpensive
2. What are our tools?
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





X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Nuclear Medicine (NM)
[gamma camera]
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Nuclear Medicine (NM)
[gamma camera]
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
Terms:



Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the
patient until cleared or
decayed
Nuclear Medicine (NM)
[SPECT]
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Nuclear Medicine (NM)
[SPECT]
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
Terms:



Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the
patient until cleared or
decayed
Nuclear Medicine (NM)
[PET]
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Nuclear Medicine (NM)
[PET]
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
Terms:



Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the
patient until cleared or
decayed
2. What are our tools?
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





X-rays
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy
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Radiotherapy
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
Terms:





Deep X-ray therapy
Tumors
Masses, cancer
Cancer cells are very
sensitive to radiation
Few side effects
3. x-ray Physics
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


X-rays is a form of electromagnetic energy.
Travel at the speed of light.
X-ray is a part of electromagnetic spectrum.
Three Things Can Happen
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
X-rays can:
 Pass
all the way through the body.
 Be
deflected or scattered.
 Be
absorbed.
X-rays Passing Through Tissue
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


Depends on the energy of the x-ray and the atomic
number of the tissue.
Higher energy x-ray - more likely to pass through.
Higher atomic number - more likely to absorb the xray.
How do x-rays passing through the
body create an image?
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



X-rays that pass through the body to the film render
the film dark (black).
X-rays that are totally blocked do not reach the film
and render the film light (white).
Air = low atomic # = x-rays get through = image is
dark.
Metal = high atomic # = x-rays blocked = image is
light (white).
Basic Radiographic Densities
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
Air.

Bone.

Soft tissue.
How do X-rays create an image of
internal body structures?
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


X-rays pass through the body to varying degrees.
Higher atomic number structures block x-rays better,
example bone.
Lower atomic number structures allow x-rays to pass
through, example: air in the lungs.
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TO BE CONTINUED
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
35
Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
Zuhairmustafa4@hotmail.com
36
Introduction to Radiology
4. Medical Imaging
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
Primary purpose is to identify pathologic conditions.

Requires recognition of normal anatomy.
X-Ray Film
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

Film is a media that makes a permanent record of
the image.
Image recorded on film is caused by exposure to
photons.
X-Ray Film - Composition
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

Radiographic film is/was most common image
receptor.
Films is consist of two parts:
1. Base.
2. Emulsion.
X-Ray Film Cross Section
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X-ray Film Construction - Base
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
Made of a polyester plastic.

Must be clear, strong, consistent thickness.

Tinted pale blue or blue-gray (reduces eye strain).

Coated on 1 or 2 sides with emulsion.
X-ray Film Construction - Emulsion
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
Film emulsion can be on one side or both sides of
base (single emulsion / double emulsion).

Protective overcoat layered on top of emulsion.

Emulsion is a gelatin containing the film crystals.

Emulsion is the “active” layer of film.
X-Ray Film Cross Section
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Film Sizes
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SIZES
14 X 17 inch
 14 X 14 inch
 11 X 14 inch
 10 X 12 inch
 8 X 10 inch

Processing
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
The term applied to the chemical reactions that
transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Processing
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
The term applied to the chemical reactions that
transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Manual
Processing
Processing
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
The term applied to the chemical reactions that
transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Automatic
Processing
Processing
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
The term applied to the chemical reactions that
transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Automatic
Processing
Processing
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
The term applied to the chemical reactions that
transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Day Light
System
5. Careers in Radiology and
Radiologic Technology
Radiologist
 Radiologic Technologist

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Objectives
Summarize two primary roles of
the radiologist.
 Define radiologic technologist
and identify three primary roles.
 List the advanced practice roles
of the radiologic technologist.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologist



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Doctor who specializes in
the use of radiant energy to
diagnose and treat disease.
Works in hospitals, the
private sector, or diagnostic
imaging or radiation therapy
treatment centers.
May specialize in diagnostic
radiology or radiation
oncology.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologist (cont.)

Diagnostic Radiologist Job
Responsibilities
–
Conduct general and specialized imaging
examinations of the entire human body.


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Noninvasive imaging – studies taken from
outside the body that do not require the use of
contrast media.
Invasive imaging – studies taken from inside the
body that require needles or catheters to be
inserted into the body.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologist (cont.)

Diagnostic Radiologist Job
Responsibilities (cont.)
–
–
–
–
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Maintain aseptic and sterile techniques and
use standard precautions.
Use various imaging modalities.
Administer contrast agents.
Respond to emergencies and administer
drugs.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologist (cont.)

Radiation Oncologist Job
Responsibilities
–
–
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To determine a tumor
treatment plan for a client.
To cure, relieve pain and
distress, enhance the
action of drugs, or to
establish local tumor
control.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologist (cont.)

Radiation Oncologist Job
Responsibilities (cont.)
–
–
–
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Maintain aseptic and sterile techniques
and standard precautions.
Use radiation to deliver treatments.
Identify the volume of the client’s body to
be treated.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologist (cont.)

Radiation Oncologist Job
Responsibilities (cont.)
–
–
–
–
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Explain the treatment plan to the client and
obtain informed consent.
Use positioning and immobilizing devices.
Assess the client’s tumor response after
radiation therapy treatments.
Supervise the radiation oncology team.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologic Technologist

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Uses radiant energy to produce
diagnostic images or dispense
treatments.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Supervised by a radiologist.
 Certified by the American
Registry of Radiologic
Technologists.
 Can become members of the
American Society of Radiologic
Technologists.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologic Technologist (cont.)

Education and Employment
–
Fields include:



–
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Radiography.
Nuclear medicine technology.
Radiation therapy technology.
Advanced practice certification areas
are also available with additional
education.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologic Technologist (cont.)

Employment Opportunities
–
–
–
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Many work in hospital radiology
departments.
Others may work in private physician
offices, diagnostic-imaging centers,
and emergency care clinics.
About two-thirds are employed as
radiographers.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologic Technologist (cont.)

Nuclear Medicine Technologist
–
–
–
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Uses radioisotopes that tell how well
the human anatomy functions.
Injects radioisotopes into the body.
Special cameras detect radioactivity,
and the images are produced on the
computer or on film.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Radiologic Technologist (cont.)

Radiation Therapist
–
–
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Assists radiation oncologists by
administering radiation doses.
Works with other staff members
to ensure comprehensive
treatment of cancer patients.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Apply Your Knowledge
Name at least four fields of radiology
including advanced practice areas.
Answer:
1. Nuclear medicine technology.
2. Radiation therapy technology.
3. Mammography.
4. Sonography.
5. Quality management technology.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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TO BE CONTINUED
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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