Cardiovascular System
Blood and Lymphatic
System
Chapter 8 and Chapter 9
Objectives
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Discover the functions of the cardiovascular
and lymphatic system
Identify their location
Name the five blood forming organs
associated with the circulatory system
Introduce prefixes, root words and suffixes
associated with the cardiovascular system
Objectives contd:
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Introduce some medical test, lab procedures
used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular
disease
Introduce some clinical disorders affecting the
cardiovascular system
Lets begin!!!!!!
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The cardiovascular system is a subset of the
circulatory system
It consist of the heart, blood vessels, and
blood
The lymphatic system is also a part of the
circulatory system
The lymphatic system consist of lymph
vessels, and lymph nodes
What is the circulatory system?
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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different places in the body.
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The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
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The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
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The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.
Contd:
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Associated with the circulatory system are the
blood forming organs:
Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow
Thymus gland
Lymph tissue
Heart:
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Main organ of the circulatory system
Weighs less than a pound
Roughly the size of your fist
Lies between your lungs
Found in the thoracic cavity
Heart contd:
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Normal beat is about 60 to 100 beats per
minute
The apex points down and to the left
Heart contd:
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The heart is a pump
Consist of four chambers
Two upper chambers called atria (singular atrium)
and two lower chambers called ventricles
The Atrium serves as receiving stations of blood
from the body
The ventricles responsible for pumping blood back
out into the body
Contd:
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There are two sides of the heart.
There are two vertical divisions of the heart.
The top compartments are ATRIUM
The bottom compartments are VENTRICLES
Therefore, there are right and left atrium and
right and left ventricles
Contd:
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Abbreviations for chambers:
Right atrium RA
Right ventricle RV
Left atrium
LA
Left ventricle LV
Contd:
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The four heart chambers are separated by
membranes called septa (plural septum)
The atrium is separated by the Interatrial
septum
The ventricles are separated by the
Interventricular septum
Heart:
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The heart has three distinct layers of tissue.
1. endocardium
- deepest layer.
2. myocardium
- muscle
3. epicardium
- outermost layer
Contd:
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The heart is a muscular organ that pumps
blood and is enclosed in a membranous sac.
This sac allows the heart to beat without
friction.
This sac is called the PERICARDIUM. Perimeans “around”, cardium refers to the heart.
Contd:
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Valves are the gate keepers of the heart.
They make sure the blood flows in the correct
direction
They let a specific amount of blood into each
chamber and don’t allow it to flow back
wards
There are three valves:
Valves contd:
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Bicuspid valve: (mitral) Has two flaps
Situated between the left atrium and left
ventricle
Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar valve:
Pulmonary: Located between the right
ventricle and pulmonary artery
Aortic: Located between the left ventricle and
the aorta
Valves contd:
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Tricuspid valve: Located between the right
atrium and the right ventricle
Has three flaps
Keeps blood flowing back and forth
Regulates blood pressure in the heart
Blood vessels:
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Series of closed tubes that carry blood from
the heart to the tissue and back to the heart.
Made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries
Starts at the heart and spans out through the
entire body
These vessels work together to carry blood
pumped by the heart through the body
The Blood Vessels
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The cardiovascular system has three types
of blood vessels:
Arteries (and arterioles) – carry blood away
from the heart
Capillaries – where nutrient and gas
exchange occur
Veins (and venules) – carry blood toward
the heart.
Arterial system:
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Arteries: Large blood vessels that carry oxygenated
blood away from the heart.
Starts with the Aorta which is the largest artery
Their walls are made up mostly of muscle and elastic
tissue
They take the blood to the arterioles then to the
capillaries
This is where the exchange of gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide ) take place.
The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow
the artery to stretch
under pressure
thick muscle and
elastic fibres
the thick muscle can
contract to push the
blood along.
Venous system:
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Carry blood back to the atria of the heart
Holds 75% of total blood volume
Begins at the capillary beds, then venules
(little veins), then into small, medium and
large veins
The veins are the work horse of the vessel
system
Veins contd:
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They carry oxygen depleted blood back to the
heart
Blood is returned to the heart from the upper
body through the superior vena cava.
Blood is returned to the heart from the lower
body through the inferior vena cava
These veins are the largest veins in the body
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.
veins have valves
which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
thin muscle and
elastic fibres
body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also squeeze
the veins and push the blood along
the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
they exchange materials
between the blood and
other body cells.
the wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur through
capillaries.
Circulatory system:
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Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and
capillaries, together with the heart, form the
circulatory system.
It can be divided into three types of
circulation.
Pulmonary, systemic, and portal
Contd:
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Pulmonary System: The right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood into the
pulmonary arteries which then carry the blood
to the lungs. Carbon dioxide is released and
the uptake of oxygen from the air occurs.
Now oxygenated blood returns to the left
atrium via the pulmonary veins
Contd:
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Systemic system: Oxygenated blood from the
lungs return to the heart through the
pulmonary veins, flows into the left atrium
and then into the left ventricle, which then
pumps the blood through the aorta
Contd:
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Portal system: The deoxygenated blood from the
capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract drains into the
portal vein which, instead of going directly back to
the heart, leads to the liver. This allows the liver to
take up the nutrients that were extracted by the
intestines from food. The liver also neutralizes some
toxins taken up by the intestines. Blood from the
liver drains via the hepatic veins into the inferior
vena cava and then the right side of the heart.
Functions of the circulatory system
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Transport:
H2 O and nutrients from the intestine to the cells or
to a storage site.
O2 from the respiratory organ to the cells and CO2
from the cells back to the respiratory organ.
hormones from endocrine glands.
toxic or waste molecules to the excretory organ.
Contd:
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Protection:
from foreign invaders (immune system)
of itself from loss of blood (clotting
mechanism)
Body temperature:
Blood vessels dilate to dissipate heat
Or Constricting to retain heat
Contd:
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Buffering:
Blood proteins provide an acid base buffer
This maintains optimum pH of the blood
Conduction system
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Also known as the cardiac cycle
It is controlled by the hearts natural pace
maker the sinoatrial ( SA) node.
The SA node generates electrical impulses
and conducts them throughout the muscle of
the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and
pump blood
Contd:
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Atypical muscle fibers at the junction of the
superior vena cava and right atrium
Its electrical signals normally cause the atria
to contract at a rate of 60 to 100 times per
minute.
The electrical current is then passed to the
atrioventricular (AV) node
Contd:
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The AV Node acts as the primary electrical
connection between the atria at the top of the
heart and the ventricles in the bottom of the
heart
The AV node immediately sends the electrical
impulse to the AV bundle called bundle of
his.
Then through to specialized muscle fibers
called Purkinje fibers.
The Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
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The CARDIAC CYCLE is the events that
occur in one complete heartbeat.
The cardiac cycle has 2 phases:
1. contraction of the heart: SYSTOLE
2. relaxation of the heart: DIASTOLE
Blood Pressure:
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Blood pressure is the force that the blood
exerts on the arterial walls
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of
mercury (mm Hg) and is recorded as two
numbers usually written one above the other;
for example, 120/80. The top number is the
systolic number, and the bottom number is the
diastolic number. Normal Blood pressure is
around 120/80.
Contd:
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Systolic blood pressure measures the
maximum (highest) pressure in the arteries
during the cardiac cycle, which occurs when
the heart contracts, or beats, to pump blood.
The systolic blood pressure, marks the
beginning of the cardiac cycle, when the heart
contracts.
The top number in blood pressure reading
Contd:
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Diastolic blood pressure measures the
pressure exerted by the heart against artery
walls when the heart is at rest.
The diastolic pressure marks the end of the
cardiac cycle, when the heart fills with blood
and are dilated.
The bottom number in a blood pressure
reading
The Cardiovascular System
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Pulse is the expansion and contraction of
an artery.
Blood pressure is a measurement of the
amount of pressure exerted on the walls of
the vessels.
FYI:
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High blood pressure, also called
hypertension, is defined as 140/90 mm Hg or
higher. It is when there is high pressure
(tension) in the arteries.
Low blood pressure, or hypotension, occurs
when blood pressure during and after each
heartbeat is much lower than usual. This
means the heart, brain, and other parts of the
body do not get enough blood
Arteriosclerosis: Atherosclerosis
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Arteriosclerosis is plaque or cholesterol, platelets,
fibrin and other substances on the arterial walls
(artery.
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty
material collects along the walls of arteries. This
fatty material thickens, hardens (forms calcium
deposits), and may eventually block the arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. The
two terms are often used to mean the same thing
Coarctation:
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Stricture or narrowing of a vessel
A coarctation can occur anywhere in the
aorta, but it is most often found just beyond
the point where the aorta sends a branch off to
supply the left arm.
Congestive Hear Failure: (CHF)
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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in
which the heart's function as a pump to deliver
oxygen rich blood to the body is inadequate to meet
the body's needs. CHF can be caused by:
diseases that weaken the heart muscle
diseases that cause stiffening of the heart muscles
diseases that increase oxygen demand by the body
tissue beyond the capability of the heart to deliver.
Coronary Thrombosis:
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Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot
(thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing
the flow of blood through the circulatory
system.
Coronary Thrombosis is the thrombosis of a
coronary artery. This can lead to an
Myocardial infarction (MI) (Heart attack)
Transient Ischemic attack (TIA)
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TIAs occur when a blood clot temporarily
clogs an artery, and part of the brain doesn't
get the blood it needs.
A TIA is a "warning stroke" or "mini-stroke"
that produces stroke-like symptoms but no
lasting damage.
Abbreviations:
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ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
a fast-growing cancer in which the body
produces a large number of immature white
blood cells (lymphocytes).
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
MI
Myocardial infarction
Contd:
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CVA
cerebrovascular accident
The sudden death of some brain cells due to
lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the
brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an
artery to the brain. A CVA is also referred to
as a stroke.
O2
oxygen
RBC
Red blood cell
Contd:
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ASD
arterial ( atrial) septal defect
An atrial septal defect is an opening in the
atrial septum, or dividing wall between the
two upper chambers of the heart known as the
right and left atria. ASD is a congenital
(present at birth) heart defect.
BP
Blood pressure
CBC
Complete blood count
Contd:
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CABG
Coronary artery bypass graph
During a coronary artery bypass graft, blood
flow is rerouted through a new artery or vein
that is grafted around diseased sections of a
coronary artery to increase blood flow to the
heart muscle tissue.
Contd:
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CCU
CHF
CO2
DOE
ECG, EKG
ECHO
MRI
Coronary care unit
Congestive heart failure
Carbon dioxide
Dyspnea on exertion
electrocardiogram
echocardiogram
magnetic resonance imaging
Cholesterol
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Cholesterol – lipids that travel in the blood
(lipoproteins). They become a problem
when present in excessive amounts.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol – (LDL
– bad cholesterol) – excess amount causes
buildup of plaque on arteries.
Cholesterol
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High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLgood cholesterol) carries unneeded
cholesterol back to liver for processing.
Cholesterol
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Triglycerides – combinations of fatty acids
attached to glycerol that are found normally in
blood in limited quantities.
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Homocystine – an amino acid used by body to
build and maintain tissues. When excessive levels
it can damage arterial walls and increase risk of
CAD.
Contd:
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HDL
high density lipoprotein
The high-density lipoproteins transport
cholesterol from the tissues of the body to the
liver so it can be gotten rid of (in the bile).
HDL cholesterol is therefore considered the
"good" cholesterol. The higher the HDL
cholesterol level, the lower the risk of
coronary artery disease.
Above 60 optimal
Contd:
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LDL
low density lipoprotein
The low-density lipoproteins transport
cholesterol from the liver to the tissues of the
body. LDL cholesterol is therefore considered
the "bad" cholesterol. Less than 100 optimal
VT
ventricular tachycardia
fast heart rhythm, that originates in one of the
ventricles of the heart.
Types of blood components:
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RBC
Red blood cells
Fibrinogen
promotes blood clotting
Thrombocytes
blood platelets
Plasma
the fluid portion of blood
without the cells
Serum
the clear portion of the
blood separated from solid elements
The Cardiovascular System
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Erythrocytes – (red blood cells).
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Produced by bone marrow.
Shaped like a doughnut with thin central section
instead of a hole.
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Hemoglobin is the iron containing pigment of the
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erythrocyte and transports oxygen from the lungs to
body tissue.
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Reticulocyte is an immature erythrocyte with
meshlike pattern of threads.
The Cardiovascular System
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Leukocytes (white blood cells) protect the body
against harmful invaders such as bacteria.
Neutrophils – formed in red bone marrow.
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Most prevalent type of WBC. Elevation indicates
bacterial infection.
Fight infection by phagocytosis.
Basophiles promote the inflammatory response.
Elevated count indicates allergic condition.
The Cardiovascular System
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Eosinophils increase in response to allergic
reactions.
Lymphocytes protect against disease.
Monocytes protect against disease.
Contd:
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Platelets
for blood coagulation, also
known as thrombocytes
Reticulocytes
immature RBC usually in
the bone marrow
Universal donor person with group O blood
Universal recipient person can receive any
type blood that person has blood type AB
Contd:
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Type and cross match
refers to the complex testing that is performed prior
to a blood transfusion, to determine if the donor's
blood is compatible with the blood of an intended
recipient
RH factors
The Rh factor is the type of protein
found on the red blood cells. Most people have the
Rh factor—positive. Others do not have the Rh
factor—they are Rh negative.
The Cardiovascular System
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Rh factor or antigen.
About 85% of Americans are Rh positive
and have the antigen.
The Rh factor must be considered in
crossmatching blood.
Rh Factor
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If Rh neg individual is exposed to Rh pos blood,
the Rh neg individual will develop anti-Rh
antibodies that will cause a transfusion reaction
(agglutination) should the Rh neg individual
receive Rh pos blood a second time.
Rh Factor
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If an Rh neg mother gives birth to an Rh pos
baby and the Rh neg and Rh pos bloods mix
during birth, the Rh neg mother’s body will
develop anti-Rh antibodies that will cause
problems with future pregnancies.
The drug RhoGam is given to the mother after
birth of Rh pos baby to prevent development of
anti-Rh antibodies.
Types of White blood cells (WBC)
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Granulocytes cells containing granules.
There are three types
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils most numerous circulating
WBC. Respond rapidly to inflammatory and
tissue injury. Has a nucleus with three to five
lobes
Contd: White blood cells (WBC)
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BASO
basophil- stains readily with
dye, unknown function except they do
increase in the healing process (Type 2
WBC)
EOS
eosinophil – has a nucleus with
two lobes and cytoplasm containing course
granules. Increase during an allergic and
parasitic condition. (Type 2 WBC)
WBC contd:
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Agranulocyte –non granular leukocytes
produced by spleen and lymph nodes.
Mono
monocyte destroy foreign
substances and bacteria in the body. They are
slower to react to inflammatory diseases.
(Type 5 WBC)
Lymph
lymphocyte – play a major role
in the immune response system ( Type 4
WBC)
Procedures:
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Angiography: or arteriography is a medical
imaging technique used with injected contrast
medium to visualize the inside, or lumen, of
blood vessels and organs of the body, with
particular interest in the arteries.
Usually done to detect narrowing of the
arteries due to plague build up
Angioplasty:
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is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked
blood vessels that supply blood to the heart.
A stent is often placed after angioplasty. It
helps prevent the artery from closing up
again.
Usually done to prevent a heart attack or once
a heart attack has occurred
Lymphatic system:
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Similar make up to the CV system
Includes: vessels, fluid, and nodes
Lymph Vessels: pump lymph fluid
They interlace with blood vessels
Carry clean clear fluid through the body
Collect protein and water and return to the
blood
Contd:
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Lymph nodes: shaped like small beans
Located through out the body
Axillary, Cervical, and Inguinal
Release lymphocytes (WBC) through out the
body and remove or destroy antigens (foreign
substances)
Phagocytosis process that destroys invading
cells
Root words,
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Aort/o
Angi/o
Arteri/o
Atri/o, atri/a
Ather/o
Cardi/o
Coron/o
Aorta
Vessel
Arteriole
Atrium
Yellow or fatty plague
Heart
Heart
Root words contd:
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Ox/o, Ox/i
Phleb/o
Scler/o
Thromb/o
Valv/o
Vas/o
Ven/o
Oxygen
Vein
Hardening
Clot
Valve
Vessel
Vein
Prefix and Suffix:
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BradyTachy-graph
-graphy
-gram
Slow
Fast
instrument used to record
Process of recording
Picture or finished record