How to Write and Publish Scientific Papers ?
APA Journal STYLE and
FORMAT
Next yearPlz add a PDF of an article on antimicrobial
activity for demo and also show the project report sample
Lecture by
: Dr. M.FAHAD Ullah
When do a researcher /scientist writes a
scientific manuscript (article)
APA Style and Format
Thinks of an idea /hypothesis
Execute the idea for the research (Experiments)
Obtain the results
Plans to share the results with scientific community
Writes a manuscript
APA Style and Format
American Psychological Association
(APA) Style

A set of rules to standardize the
writing procedure for scientific
publications.

It is designed:
 To ensure clarity of communication
 To move idea forward ( minimum of
distraction and maximum of precision)
APA Style and Format








Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendices
APA Style and Format
TITLE PAGE

Title: summarizes the main idea of
the paper(10 to 12 words recommended
length)

Authors (Persons contributing to the
generation of the manuscript)

Affiliation
ABSTRACT
APA Style and Format






The Problem ( one sentence)
Participants(important characteristics)
Methods ( Instrumentation, procedures
and techniques)
Findings ( Statistical significance)
Conclusion and Implication
(application)
Must not exceed 120 words
APA Style and Format
A Good Abstract:
Self-contained
 Concise and specific
 Coherent and readable

APA Style and Format
INTRODUCTION
Develop the background ( review of
related literature)
 The purpose and rationale
 Significance of the study
 Conceptual and theoretical framework
 Statement of the problem

METHODOLOGY
APA Style and Format





How the study was conducted
Identify subsections
Participants or subjects
Apparatus & Materials
Procedure
RESULTS
Summarizes the data and statistical
analyses
 Report data in sufficient detail
 Mention all relevant results
 Raw data or individual scores
should not be included
APA Style and Format

RESULTS
APA Style and Format



Tables and Figures
Statistical Presentation
Informationaly adequate
statistics (Statistical
significance)
APA Style and Format
DISCUSSION

Start the section with clear
statement of the support or
nonsupport for original
hypothesis

Similarities and differences
between the results and the work
of others should clarify and
confirm the conclusion
DISCUSSION
APA Style and Format
 Acknowledge
limitation
 Address alternative
explanation of results
 End the discussion with
commentary on the importance
of the findings
REFERENCES
Arranged alphabetically by family
names of the authors.
E.g.
Format: Author (year).Title, Journal,
Volume (issue), pages
APA Style and Format

Acheson, K. A. & Gall, M. D. (1997). Techniques in
the clinical supervision of teachers: Preservice
and in-service applications. 4th ed. NY: Longman.
Andrews, R & Soder, R. (1987), Principal
instructional leadership and school achievement,
Educational Leadership, 44 (6), 9-20.
APA Style and Format
APPENDICES
 Allows author to provide
reader with detailed
information
APPENDICES
APA Style and Format

Common kinds of appendices
include:
 Mathematical proof
 Large table
 List of words
 A sample of questionnaire
 Other survey instrument
 Computer program
References:
APA Style and Format














http://www.apastyle.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_T
heses,_and_Dissertations
http://en.wilkipedia.org/wiki/American Psychological Association
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACS_style
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Stylebook
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_690
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Handbook_for_Writers_of_Research_P
apers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual
httpen.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_
Usage://
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style
 Title
Page
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 Appendices
Page number
APA Style and Format
Running head
Page header
Title
Author
Affiliation
APA Style and Format
heading
content
Format. single, unindented,
double-spaced paragraph.
Length. must not exceed 120
words.
APA Style and Format
heading
content
APA Style and Format
heading
Sub-heading
content
heading
APA Style and Format
table identification
title of the table
column header
table rows
Findings in
paragraph form
APA Style and Format
heading
content
APA Style and Format
heading
content
Guidelines in References
APA Style and Format
Journal Article
Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (2008). Body
language of women and judgments of
vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of
Applied Social Psychology, 26, 117-136.
Book
Paloutzian, R. F. (2008). Invitation to the
psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allen
and Bacon.
Guidelines in References
APA Style and Format
Web Document on Web Site
Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2008). APA style essentials.
Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Vanguard University, Department
of Psychology Web site:
http://vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?doc_id=796
Stand-alone Web document (no date)
Nielsen, M.E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion.
Retrieved August 3, 2007, from
http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.html
Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)
Gender and Society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2008, from
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html
Guidelines in References
APA Style and Format
Journal article from database
Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the
drug abuse-maternal aggression link. Journal of
interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved May
20, 2000, from ProQuest database.
Abstract from secondary database
Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (2009). Effect of
server introduction on restaurant tipping.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168172. Abstract retrieved July 23, 2001 from
PsycINFO database.
APA Style and Format
Guidelines in References
Manual
American Psychiatric Association. (2000).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington,
DC: John Lennon.
Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation
Carpio, D. M. (2003). Performance of
productivity of the education graduates of the
University of the Assumption. Unpublished
Master’s Thesis: University of the
Assumption, City of San Fernando.
APA Style and Format
title of
appendix
heading
Appendix
identification
Copy of
questionnaire
Any question?
APA Style and Format
APA Style and Format