Hydrogen Alternate Energy
Systems
ACS Committee on Science
Hydrogen Alternate Energy
Systems - General
What performance is required?
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U. S. Department of Energy, et. al, Renewable Energy Technology
Characterizations, pp. 6-1 through 6-6, Dec. 1997, US DOE and EPRI.
Barbir, F. Review of Hydrogen Conversion Technologies. 1999, Clean
Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
33124.
Baxter, J., et al., Energy and Environmental Science, 2009, 2(6), 559588; NREL/JA-5A0-46279.
What affects performance?
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Advanced Vehicles & Fuels
Research: Vehicles Systems Analysis;
http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/publications.html
Treffinger, P., et al., Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Vehicles - State of the Art
and Challenges for Improved Materials. Materials Science Forum,
2007, 539-543(2), 1321-1326.
Pesaran A. A., et al., PEM Fuel Cell Freeze and Rapid Startup
Investigation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/MP-54038760.
Markel, T., et al., Fuel Cell Vehicle Systems Analysis. National
Renewable Energy Laboratory:
www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/use/pubs_hevs.html
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
• US DOE: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Fuel Cell
Technologies Program, Hydrogen Technical Publications:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen_publicatio
ns.html
Hydrogen Alternate Energy
Systems - Generation
What performance is required?
Biomass
• Spath, P. L., et al., Update of Hydrogen from Biomass - Determination of the
Delivered Cost of Hydrogen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003,
NREL/MP-510-33112.
• Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical
Feasibility of a Billion-ton Annual Supply, US DOE, USDA, 2005,
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf
• Logan, B. E., Extracting Hydrogen and Electricity from Renewable Resources,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 160A-167A.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Nuclear
• Hong, G. T., Spritzer, M. H. Nuclear Energy-assisted Plasma Technology for
Producing Hydrogen, Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program
Review, NREL/CP-610-32405.
Biomass
• Holzman, D. C., Microbe Power, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005,
113(11), A754-A757.
• Parry et al., Bioenergy Conversion of Cow Manure, Water Environment
Federation - Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, 2005,
DOI:10.2175/193864707787976452.
• Reed, T. B., Das, A., Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems,
Ch. 2: History, Current Developments, and Future Directions, Solar Energy
Research Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1988, SERI/SP-2713022, pp. 6-8.
• Boyapati, K. R., et al. (General Electric Co.), Co-Producing Hydrogen and Power
by Biomass Gasification, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2004/0265158 A1, 12/30/2004.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Ocean Energy
• Ocean Energy Technology Overview: Federal Energy Management
Program (FEMP), 2009, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
NREL/BR-7A2-44200, DOE/GO-102009-2823.
Plasma
• Kumar, S., Kumar, D. (BTU International, Inc.), Plasma-assisted Gas
Production, U. S. Pat. 7,497,922 B2, 3/3/2009.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Water electrolysis
• Barbir, F., PEM electrolysis for production of hydrogen from renewable
energy sources, Solar Energy, 2005, 78(5), 661-669.
• Zeng, K., Zhang, D., Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for
hydrogen production and applications, Progress in energy and
combustion science, 2010, 36(3), 307-326 .
Hydrogen Alternate Energy
Systems - Storage
What performance is required?
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Schlapbach, L, Züttel, A., Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications,
Nature, 2001, 414, 353-358.
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Wang, J. Hydrogen Storage for Transportation Applications, Presentation at
Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future, 2003,
http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/presentations/Nano2003/Wang%202003
.ppt.pdf
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Amos, W. A., Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, 1998, NREL/TP-570-25106.
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Carlson, E. J. et al., Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005, NREL/SR-560-39104.
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Satyapal, S. et al., The U.S. Department of Energy's National Hydrogen Storage
Project: Progress towards meeting hydrogen-powered vehicle requirements,
Catalysis Today 2007, 120, 246-256
What affects performance?
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Li Zhou, Progress and Problems in Hydrogen Storage Methods,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2005, 5(4), 395-408.
Niedzwiecki, A., Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen Vision Meeting,
Quantum Technologies Worldwide, Inc., 2001.
Arnold, G., Advanced Hydrogen Storage Technologies, Global
Alternative Propulsion Center, GM, 2002.
Billings, R. E., Hydrogen Stored as Metal Hydride: The Safest Fuel on
Earth, Hydrogen Worldview, International Academy of Science, ISBN
096316340X
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Mechanical Systems - Cassette
• Redmond, S. D. (FuelSell Technologies, Inc.), Hydrogen Storage,
Distribution, and Recovery System, U. S. Pat. 7,169,489 B2, 1/30/2007.
• Redmond, S. D. (FuelSell Technologies, Inc.), Method and Apparatus
for a Hydrogen Fuel Cassette Distribution and Recovery System, U. S.
Pat. 7,399,325 B1, 7/15/2008.
Mechanical Systems - Wind Turbine
• Fingersh, L. J. (Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC), Wind Turbine
Tower for Storing Hydrogen and Energy, U. S. Pat. 7,471,010 B1,
12/30/2008.
• Chang, L. (The University of New Brunswick (CA)), Stand-Alone Wind
Turbine System, Apparatus, and Method Suitable for Operating the
Same, U. S. Pat. 7,476,987 B2, 1/13/2009.
Novel Materials
• Vasiliev, L. L., et al., New Sorbent Materials for the Hydrogen Storage
and Transportation, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(18), 5015-5025.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Metal Hydrides
• Piccardo, P. et al., Interconnect Materials for next-generation solid
oxide fuel cells, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2009, 39, 545–551.
• Andersen, E. J., Renewable Energy Carrier System and Method, U. S.
Pat. 7,144,567 B2, 12/5/2006.
• Sakintuna, B. et al., Metal hydride materials for solid hydrogen storage,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 1121-1140.
Complex Metal Hydrides
• Jensen, C. M., Redmond, S. D. (FuelSell Techologies, Inc.), Methods
for Hydrogen Storage Using Doped Alanate Compositions, U. S. Pat.
7,011,768, 3/14/2006.
• Pretterebner, J., Process for Supplying a Fuel Cell with Hydrogen by
Means of Silanes or Polysilanes, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2009/0136800 A1,
5/28/2009.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Complex Metal Hydrides (cont’d)
• Sandrock, G. et al., Accelerated thermal decomposition of AlH3 for
hydrogen-fueled vehicles, J. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &
Processing 2005, A80, 687-690.
• Vajo, J. J.; Olson, G. L. Hydrogen storage in destabilized chemical
systems, Scripta Materialia 2007, 56, 829-834.
• Soloveichik, G. L. Metal borohydrides as hydrogen storage materials,
Material Matters 2007, 2, 11-14.
Chemical Hydrides
• Pez, G. P. et al., Hydrogen storage by reversible hydrogenation of
pi-conjugated substrates, U. S. Pat. 7,101,530, 9/5/2006.
• Peng, B.; Chen, J. Ammonia borane as an efficient and lightweight
hydrogen storage medium, Energy Environ. Sci. 2008, 1, 479-483.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Activated Carbon
• Noh, J. S. et al., Hydrogen Storage Systems Using Activated Carbon,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1987, 12(10), 693-700.
• Vix-Guterl, C. et al., Electrochemical Energy Storage in Ordered
Porous Carbon Materials, Carbon, 2005, 43(6), 1293-1302.
• Hynek, et al., Hydrogen Storage by Carbon Sorption, Int. J. Hydrogen
Energy, 1997, 22(6), 601-610.
• Chaterjee, A. K., Wolff, A. M. Activated Graphitic Carbon and Metal
Hybrids Thereof, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2005/0196336 A1, 9/8/2005.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Nanomaterials
• Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fact Sheet, Renewable Energy Innovations,
2008, LALP-08-030.
Metals, Carbides and Oxides
• Zhao, Y. et al., Self-catalyzed Hydrogenation and Dihydrogen Adsorption on
Titanium Carbide Nanoparticles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2006, 425, 273-277;
NREL/JA-590-38239.
• Shimizu, T., Jung, J. H., Metal Oxide Nanotube and Process for Production
Thereof, U. S. Pat. 7,172,747 B2, 2/6/2007.
• Hearley, A. K., Redmond, S. D., Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Systems, U. S.
Pat. 7,279,222 B2, 10/9/2007.
• Jhi, S.-H. et al., Hydrogen Storage by Physisorption - Beyond Carbon, Solid
State Comm., 2004, 129(12), 769-773.
• Alexander, Jr., M.D. et al., Electrically Conductive Polymer Nanocomposite
Materials, AFRL Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Nonmetallic Materials
Division; http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/Sept02/ML0206.html
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
Nanomaterials, cont’d.
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Carbon
Dillon, A. C., et al., Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Single-Wall Nanotubes, Proceedings of the
2002 US DOE Hydrogen Program Review, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
NREL/CP-610-32405.
Lueking, A., Tang, R. T., Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes: Residual Metal Content
and Pretreatment Temperature, AIChE Journal, 2003, 49(6), 1556-1568.
Volpe, M., Cleri, F., Role of surface chemistry in hydrogen adsorption in single-wall carbon
nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2003, 371(3-4), 476-482.
Colibaba-Evulet, A. (General Electric Co.), Appliance Having a Container Including a
Nanostructured Material for Hydrogen Storage, U. S. Pat. 7,416,583 B2, 8.26.2008.
Dillon, A. C. et al., Metal-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Production Thereof,
U. S. Pat. 7,160,530 B2, 1/9/2007.
Bekkedahl et al., Advanced Materials for Hydrogen Storage: Carbon Nanotubes,
Proceedings of the 1994 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, 1994, 149-163.
Heben et al., Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Storage, Proceedings of the 1993 US DOE
Hydrogen Program Review, 1993, Vol. II, 79-87.
Bockrath, et al., Hydrogen Storage on Carbon Nanotubes, Fuels and Process Chemistry
Division, National Energy Technology Laboratory,
http://www.netl.gov/technologies/hydrogen_clean_fuels/refshelf/papers/hydrogen/Hydrogen
%20Storage%20on%20Carbon%20Nanotubes.pdf
Hydrogen Separations
Membranes
What performance is required?
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DOE/H2 Multi-Year Research, Development and Demostration Plan,
available electronically at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells
Carlson, E. J. et al., Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for
Transportation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005,
NREL/SR-560-39104.
Wheeler, D., Sverdrup, G., Status of Manufacturing Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cells, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2007,
NREL/TP-560-41655.
What affects performance?
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Report from the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (Feb
2003); available electronically at
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/Basic_Research_Needs_to_Assure_
A_Secure_Energy_Future_FEB2003.pdf
Report from the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Hydrogen
Production, Storage, and Use (Feb 2004); available electronically at
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf
U. S. Department of Energy, Small Business Innovation Research
Program and Small Business Technology Transfer Program FY 2005
Soliciations, Technical Topic Descriptions, 15. Materials Research,
Office of Fossil Energy, 2005.
www.science.doe.gov/sbir/solicitations/fy%202005/15_FE3.htm
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
• Metal and Alloy Membranes
– Ockwig, N. W.; Nenoff, T. M. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 4078-4110.
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Silica and Zeolite Membranes
– Verweij, H.;Lin, Y. S., Dong, J. H. MRS Bull. 2006, 31, 756.
– Lin, Y. S., Kumakiri, I.; Nair, B. N.; Alsyouri, H. Sep. Purif. Methods 2002,
31, 229.
– Nenoff, T. M., Spontak, R. J., Aberg, C. M. MRS Bull. 2006, 31, 735.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
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Carbon and Carbon-Nanotube Membranes
– FutureGen Colation Formed. Power Eng. 2005, 109, 16.
– Holt, J. K., et al., Science 2006, 312, 1034.
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Polymer Membranes
– Freeman, B. D. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 375.
– Kazama, S., et al. 7th International Conference on Greenhoue Gas Control
Technologies, Vancouver, Canada, 2004.
– Colinart, T., Büchi, F. N. Sub-Millimeter Current Density Distribution in PEFC
at Sub-zero Temperatures,
www.electrochem.org/meetings/scheduler/abstracts/216/1015.pdf
– Santurri, P. R., et al., ChemSultants International Inc., Final DOE Technical
Report, 2008, DOE/GO/86043-Final.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
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Ionic Liquid Membranes
– Luebke, D. R., et al., Development of Practical Supported Ionic
Liquid Membranes: A Systematic Approach. DOE.NETL-IR-2008036.
– Scovazzo, P., et al., J. Membrane Sci, 2004, 238(1-2), 57-63.
– Salminen, J., et al., Ionic Liquids for Rechargeable Lithium
Batteries, LBNL 58901.
Hydrogen Alternate Energy
Systems - Fuel Cells
What performance is required?
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Smithsonian Institution, A Basic Overview of Fuel Cell Technology, 2008;
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm
Fuel Cells for Backup Power in Telecommunications Facilities, Fact Sheet, 2009,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report No. NREL/FS-560-44520.
Davis, C. et al. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Study, American Physical Society,
2003, www.aps.org/policy/reports/occasional/upload/fuelcell.pdf.
Jensen, J., The Need for Batter and Fuel Cell R&D, Energy Conservation by
Energy Storage: Advanced Batteries and Fuel Cells - Proceedings of the Third
Contractors Meeting, Comm. European Communities, Luxembourg, 1983, 166172.
What affects performance?
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Pesaran, A. A. et al., PEM Fuel Cell Freeze and Startup Investigation,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005, NREL/MP-54-38760.
Billings, R. E., The Hydrogen Fuel Cell - Efficiency is the Key, Hydrogen
Worldview, International Academy of Science, 1991, p. 1-10; ISBN
096316340X.
Bernay, C., et al., Prospects for Different Fuel Cell Technologies for
Vehicle Applications, J. Power Sources, 2002, 108, 139-152.
Where can I learn about the
chemistry?
General
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US DOE: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Fuel Cell Technologies
Program, Hydrogen Technical Publications:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen_publications.html
Systems
• Calhoun, J. C. (Microsoft Corporation), Apparatus and Method for Heating Fuel
Cells, U. S. Pat. 7,192,666 B2, 3/20/2007.
• Pearson, M. T. (Ballard Power Systems, Inc.), Method and Apparatus for Fuel
Cell Systems, U. S. Pat. 7,419,734 B2, 9/2/2008.
• Kottenstette, R., Cotrell, J., Hydrogen Storage in Wind Turbine Towers: Design
Considerations, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003, NREL/CP-50034759.
• Agbossou, K., et al., (Ogilvy Renault) Control System for a Renewable Energy
System, U. S. Pat. Appl. 2003/0227276 A1, 12/11/2003.