Cells
Cell Vocabulary
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Monomer
Polymer
Macromolecule
Organic Compound
Activation Energy
Enzymes
Catalyst
Carbon Molecules
Organic Molecules
Carbon Molecules
Organic Molecules
• Can be very LARGE
• A POLYMER is a molecule, like a carbon molecule, that
consists of repeated, linked units.
• Large polymers are called MACROMOLECULES
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
• All Carbons,
Hydrogens,
Oxygen
Atoms
• Sugars
• Long chains
of mostly
Cs and Hs
• Not soluble
in water
• Fats/oils
• Enzymes,
amino acids
• Cs, Hs, Os,
and
Nitrogen
• Cs, Hs, Os,
N, and
Phosphorus
• Nucleotide
• DNA
Organic or Inorganic???
• Wool
• Cotton
• Glass rod
• Paper
• Potted plant
• Carbon dioxide
Organic
Wool
Cotton
Paper
plant
Inorganic
Glass rod
Carbon dioxide
What are organic foods? Brainpop…
• Is the term “Organic Food” related to the biological
definition of Organic compounds?
Organic Molecules Video Clip
Identifying Organic Molecules Lab!
Energy and Matter
•ENERGY is the ability to do work
•Light, heat, electrical, chemical,
mechanical
•Motion requires ENERGY, faster
movement = more required energy =
more heat
Chemical Reactions and Energy
• In a chemical reaction one or more substances change to
produce one or more different substances.
• Energy is absorbed or released when chemical bonds are
broken and new ones are formed
• METABOLISM is the term used to describe all the reactions
within your body (at a cellular level) that produce or use
energy
Activation Energy
• For most chemical reactions, energy must be
ADDED to the reactants.
• The energy needed to start a reaction is called
ACTIVATION ENERGY
• Certain chemical substances, CATALYSTS, reduce
the amount of starting or activation energy
needed for the reaction to take place
• In living things ENZYMES act as catalysts.
Enzymes
•RNA or protein molecules that act as
biological catalysts
•Enzyme Lab!
Cell Shape and Size
• Press your pen to your paper to create dot.
• How many cells do you think would fit within
that dot????
Basic Parts of a Cell
•Despite cell diversity, ALL cells have
3 basic parts:
1)Plasma Membrane
2)Cytoplasm
3)Control Center
Plasma Membrane
• Cell’s outer boundary
• Covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between
the inside and outside of the cell
• All materials enter and exit through the plasma
membrane
• Membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE: allows only certain
materials in and out.
• Balloon/Perfume Demo
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
•The region of the cell that is
within the plasma membrane
•Includes the fluid, cytoskeleton,
and all organelles (except
nucleus).
Cytoplasm
Control Center
• Cells carry coded information in the form of
DNA.
• In some cells DNA floats freely inside the cell
• In other cells the DNA is found in a membranebound organelle: the NUCLEUS
• Most functions of a cell are controlled by the
nucleus.
Control Center
Basic Parts Video Clip
INTERACTIVE
•Draw a cell and label all 3 basic parts
•You do NOT need to include all the
organelles
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic vs Viruses
•These 3 types of cells
differ in complexity and
general structure
Pro vs Euk Cell POGIL
Prokaryotic Cells
•Lack internal membrane-bound
structures
•Unicellular organisms
•About 1/10th the size of a Eukaryotic
cell.
•Example: bacteria
Prokaryotic Cell on a Slide!
• Smear yogurt on a slide
• Add a drop of water
• Place a coverslip
• Draw and Describe what you see
Eukaryotic Cell
•Multicellular organisms
•Membrane bound organelles
•Mostly animal cells
•Present in all living things, except
bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell on a Slide!
1. Put a drop of methylene blue on a slide. Caution:
methylene blue will stain clothes and skin.
2. Gently scrape the inside of your cheek with the flat
side of a toothpick. Scrape lightly.
3. Stir the end of the toothpick in the stain and throw
the toothpick away.
4. Place a coverslip onto the slide
5. Draw and Describe what you see
Virus
•Disease causing, nonliving particles
•Has a plasma membrane, cell wall, protein
capsule
•Either DNA or RNA, but only single
stranded.
•Cannot make their own energy or reproduce
•Tiny compared to eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Virus Cells
Cell Organelles
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Plasma
Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Organelles POGIL
The Cell Song!
• Available on Youtube and Itunes
Plasma Membrane
• Made of phospholipids, hydrophilic “water-loving”
head and hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tails.
• Phospholipids line up so the heads point toward the
water and tails away from the water, forming a
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
• This PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER makes the membrane
selectively permeable
Fluid Model of a Semipermeable Membrane
•Follow the steps with the teacher
•When complete answer the following in
your notes:
•How is this demo like a real cell
membrane?
Plasma Membrane Rap
Nucleus
•Directs cell activities
•Separated from cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane
•Contains genetic material DNA
Nuclear Membrane
•Surrounds nucleus
•Made of two layers
•Openings allow
material to enter
and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
•In nucleus
•Made of DNA
•Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
•Inside nucleus
•Contains RNA to
build proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria, aka “Mighty-Chondria”
• This organelle processes energy for a cell.
It makes ATP by breaking down glucose to
Carbon dioxide.
• (ATP = energy)
• Involved in cellular respiration
• Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates
• Mitochondria even have their own DNA!
Ribosomes
(not an organelle - but important)
• Present in the cytoplasm.
• Present with Rough ER.
• No membrane present.
• Each cell contains thousands
• Make proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• System of tubes and sacs
• Moves materials around in
cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transports materials
throughout the cell.
• Digests lipids.
• Produces proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Covered with ribosomes.
• Produces proteins.
• Transports materials
throughout the cell.
Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus
•Protein 'packaging
plant'
•Move materials within
the cell
•Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Let’s hear that Cell Song Again…
A quick review of cell organelles
• 3 Facts from the Brainpop on Cell
Structures
Cell Memory Chart
INTERACTIVE Cell City
The BEST Organelle!!
Unique Features of Plant Cells
Cell Wall
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
(Plant Cell Only)
•Rigid and strong
wall.
•Protects and
maintains the
shape of the cell.
Chloroplast
(Plant Cell Only)
• Contains chlorophyll.
• Makes plants green.
• Uses light energy to make
ATP & sugars.
• Photosynthesis takes place
here.
Central Vacuole
(Plant Cell Only)
• Most plant cells have
one large one.
• Filled w/ fluid.
• Helps maintains
turgor pressure and
shape of cell.
Cell Flap Book
Plant, Eukaryote, or Prokaryote Cell??
• Number your paper 1-10
• Identify each cell as Plant or
Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
Plant and Animal Cell Mystery!
More Vocabulary…
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4.
Passive transport
Active transport
Diffusion
Concentration
gradient
5. Equilibrium
6. Osmosis
7. Turgor pressure
8. Endocytosis
9. Exocytosis
10. Hypotonic
11. Hypertonic
12. Isotonic
Cell Homeostasis
• Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by
controlling what substances may enter or leave cells.
• There are two main ways of transporting materials into and out
of a cell:
Passive Transport
and
Active Transport
Passive Transport
•Passive transport occurs when substances
cross the cell membrane without any energy
by the cell
•Transport with NO Energy—riding a bike
downhill
•Diffusion and Osmosis are the primary
methods of Passive Transport
Diffusion
•Simplest form of passive transport
•Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration
•The difference in the concentration of
molecules across a distance is called a
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
•Molecules will move from one area to another
until it reaches EQUILIBRIUM, or a balance.
Osmosis
• Osmosis is the passive (no energy required) transport of water across
a cell membrane
• Water moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration
• When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower
than inside the cell, the solution outside the cell is HYPOTONIC to the
cell. In this situation water diffuses INTO the cell until equilibrium is
established.
• If the solution outside the cell is higher than the inside the cell the
solution is HYPERTONIC and the water diffuses out of the cell to
reach equilibrium
• When the concentrations are equal=ISOTONIC
Osmosis Video Clip
Osmosis Rap
Osmosis Carrot Lab!
Osmosis POGIL
Active Transport
•When cells need to transport materials
from an area of low concentration to
high concentration (the opposite of
what would naturally happen) it is called
ACTIVE TRANSPORT, the cell needs to
use ENERGY.
Endocytosis
•The process by which cells ingest external
fluid, macromolecules, and large particles.
Exocytosis
• Process by which a substance is released from a cell
Endo and Exo video clip
Does Cell Size Effect Diffusion??