Human Anatomy and Physiology
Core Curriculum
STANDARD 1- STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THE BODY’S ORGANIZATION AND HOW IT MAINTAINS
HOMEOSTASIS.
OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the organization of a human body.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Recognize and use the anatomical positions, directions, planes, landmarks, and movements.
Differentiate between anatomy and physiology.
Identify the main body cavities and regions and list the organs found within each.
List the eleven major organ systems, describe their major functions, and identify the major
organs associated with each.
e. List and give examples of the levels of organization that make up the human body (atoms,
molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism).
OBJECTIVE 2: Describe the role of biochemical reactions that maintain all body systems.
a. Define homeostasis and identify chemical and physical reactions that occur to maintain it.
b. Recognize examples of positive and negative feedback systems and their role in
homeostasis.
c. Identify the parts of a feedback loop- receptor/sensor, control center, effector- and their
roles.
d. Recognize the difference between metabolism, anabolic, and catabolic reactions and
identify examples of each.
e. Design and perform an experiment demonstrating the nature of acids and bases and the
use of the pH scale.
f. Identify the chemical structure and function of the four macromolecules.
g. Give examples of “form fits function” in the body.
OBJECTIVE 3: Explore the role of cells in maintaining homeostasis in the human body.
a. Identify the cell parts and their functions.
b. Relate the failure of cell parts to diseases caused by these failures.
c. Write the equation for cellular respiration, explain the purpose of cellular respiration, where
the materials needed come from (digestion/respiration), and where it occurs in a cell
(mitochondria).
d. Explain the transportation of materials into and out of the cell via active/passive transport.
e. Explain the nature of and role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
OBJECTIVE 4: Identify the 4 major categories of tissues and examples of each.
a. Epithelial (simple, stratified, pseudostratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional)
b. Connective (fibrous- loose, adipose, dense, blood, cartilage, bone, blood, lymph)
c. Muscular (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)
d. Nervous
OBJECTIVE 5: Identify the types of epithelial membranes and relate their functions to their form
and location. Recognize examples of each and know where to find them in the body. (Epithelial Serous, Cutaneous, Mucous)
Key Vocabulary:
Abdominal, abdominal cavity, abominopelvic cavity, abduction, adduction, acromial, anatomy,
antebrachial, antecubital, anterior, atom, ATP, axillary, brachial, buccal, calcaneal, carpal, caudal,
cellular respiration, cephalic, cervical, circumduction, control center, coxal, cranial cavity, cross
section, crural, deep, deltoid, depress, diaphragm, diffusion, digital, distal, dorsal cavity, dorsiflexion,
effector, elevate, endocytosis, eversion, exocytosis, extension, facilitated diffusion, femoral, fibular,
flexion, frontal, frontal/coronal plane, gluteal, homeostasis, inferior, inguinal, inversion, lateral, LRQ,
LLQ, lumbar, medial, membrane, metabolism, midsagittal plane/median section, mucous, nasal,
negative feedback, occipital, oral, orbital, organ system, organism, osmosis, patellar, pelvic, pelvic
cavity, physiology, plane, plantar flexion, popliteal, positive feedback, posterior, pronation, prone,
proximal, pubic, receptor, rotation, sacral, sagittal plane, scapular, serous fluid, spinal cavity, sternal,
superficial, superior, supination, supine, sural, tarsal, thoracic, thoracic cavity, tissue, transverse
plane/section, ULQ, umbilical, URQ, ventral, ventral cavity, vertebral, vertebral cavity
STANDARD 2
Students will examine the structures and functions of body systems that support and protect other
organ systems.
OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the structure and function of the skeletal system.
a. Label the bones of the body and describe the functions of each.
b. Label the major types of bones in the body (flat, irregular, short, long) and label the
macroscopic parts of a long bone.
c. Label the microscopic structures found within compact bone.
d. Explain how endochondral bones are ossified, lengthened, & remodeled.
e. List and compare the types of joints in the body and give examples of each.
f. List and describe the major disorders of the skeletal system (Fracture types, Arthritis,
Osteoporosis, Tendonitis, Bursitis, Spina Bifida, Sarcoma, Pagets Disease, Carpal Tunnel,
Scoliosis, Herniated Disc, Sprain, Sciatica, Subluxation/Dislocation)
g. Differentiate between bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons
h. Identify common bone markings- suture, process, styloid process, fossa, tuberosity, meatus,
fontanel, foramen, tubercle, crest, condyle, spine, epicondyle, sinus, girdle, notch
Key Vocabulary: amphiarthroses, appendicular skeleton, articular cartilage, articulation, axial
skeleton, ball and socket, bony callus, bursa, canaliculi, canals, cartilaginous joint, central
canal/haversian, chondrocytes, compact bone, condyloid joint, diaphysis, diarthroses endosteum,
epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate, epiphysis, fibrocartilaginous callus, fibrous joint, fontanels, foramen
magnum, fossa, freely movable joint, hem(ato)opoiesis, girdle, hinge joint, intervertebral disc,
immovable joint, joint cavity, lacuna(e), lamellae, ligament, meatus, medullary cavity, notch, osseous,
perforating canals (Volkmanns), periosteum, pivot joint, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes,
ossification, osteon/haversian system, red marrow, sacroiliac joint, saddle joint, slightly movable
joint, spongy bone, synarthroses, syndesmoses, suture, synovial joint, synovial fluid, tendon
tuberosity, yellow bone marrow, vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, atlas, axis)
OBJECTIVE 2: Describe the structure and function of the muscular system.
a. Identify and explain the function of the major muscles of the body.
b. List and explain the movements produced by skeletal muscles (see Standard 1 objective 1a)
c. Compare and contrast the three types of muscle in terms of location, function,
voluntary/involuntary, fast twitch/slow twitch, stamina/endurance, and power.
d. Explain the role of actin and myosin in the sliding filament theory.
e. Describe the physiology of the sliding filament theory including the role of ATP, calcium,
troponin, and tropomyosin.
f. Describe the major disorders of the muscular system. (Myopathy, Muscular Dystrophy, Tetanus,
Myasthenia Gravis, Fibromyalgia, Cramps/Spasm, Strain, Hernia, Contusion, Rigor Mortis)
g. Explain how energy is produced and used to run muscles (aerobic/anaerobic respiration,
glycolysis, ATP, CP (optional)
h. Research and engineer a simple prosthetic device to replace a missing structural body part.
i. Model adaptations a handicapped individual must make to replace the function of a
missing or damaged body part.
Key Vocabulary: acetylcholine, actin, all or none, antagonist, aponeuroses, atrophy, cardiac muscle,
fascicle, fatigue, fixator, flaccid, hypertrophy, insertion, involuntary, isometric contraction, isotonic
contraction, globular head, lactic acid, motor neuron, motor unit, muscle tone, myofiber,
myofilament, myosin, neuromuscular junction, neurotransmitter, origin, oxygen debt, prime mover,
sarcolemma, sarcomere, skeletal muscle, sliding filament theory, smooth muscle, stimulus, striation,
synaptic cleft, synergist, tendon, tetanic contraction, threshold stimulus tropomyosin, troponin,
voluntary muscle.
OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the structure and function of the integumentary system.
a. Identify the tissues and accessory organs of the skin and their functions (dermis, epidermis,
receptors, glands, adipose, connective tissue, blood vessels)
b. List and describe the functions of skin.
c. Research and report on possible diseases and injuries that involve the skin.
(e.g. acne, alopecia, cold sores, herpes, Skin Cancer (basal cell, squamous, melanoma), Burn,
Athlete’s foot, Blister, Boil, Eczema, Psoriasis, Blisters, Warts, Impetigo, Scabies, Decubitus
ulcer)
Key Vocabulary: arector pili, cutaneous membrane, dermis, epidermis, hair follicle, hypodermis,
integumentary system, keratin, melanin, melanocyte, melanoma, subcutaneous, sebaceous gland,
sweat/sudoriferous gland, rule of nines, sebum
STANDARD 3 – Students will explore aspects of the body systems related to regulation and feedback
systems.
OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the structure and function of the nervous system.
a.
b.
c.
d.
List the divisions of the nervous system and describe the functions of each.
List the three major sections of the brain and the functions of the structures found within each.
Identify and describe the structures of a neuron
Lists the steps involved with the process of nerve transmission along a nerve and across the
synapse at the chemical level.
e. Name the parts of a reflex arc and explain the protective nature of reflexes.
f. Compare and contrast spinal and cranial nerves.
g. List and describe the major disorders of the nervous system. (i.e. Cerebral Palsy, CVA, TIA,
subdural/subarachnoid hematoma, epilepsy, Parkinson’s Disease, MS, ALS, Bells Palsy,
hydrocephalus, polio, meningitis, Huntington’s Disease, alzheimer’s, dementia, neuropathy,
paralysis –hemi, para, quadriplegia, lumbar puncture, anesthesia, EEG, shingles, hydrocephalus,
neuralgia)
Key Vocabulary: action potential, afferent divison (sensory), arachnoid mater, axon, blood brain
barrier, brain stem, cell body, CNS, cerebellum, cerebral aqueduct, cerebral cortex, cerebral
hemispheres, cerebral spinal fluid CSF, cerebrum, column, corpus callosum, cranial nerve, dendrite,
depolarization, dura mater, effectors, efferent division (motor), fight or flight response, fissures,
frontal lobe, ganglia, glia, gray matter, gyri, hippocampus, hypothalamus, interneuron, limbic system,
medulla oblongata, meninges, mixed nerve, motor nerve/neuron, myelin, nerve, neurilemma, neuron,
neurotransmitter, node of Ranvier, occipital lobe, parasympathetic system, parietal lobe, pia mater,
peripheral nervous system (PNS), pia mater, pineal body, pituitary gland, polarized, pons, receptors,
reflex arc, repolarization, reticular activating system, saltatory conduction, Schwann cells, sensory
neuron, sulcus, somatic (voluntary) nervous system, spinal cord, stimulus, sympathetic system,
synapse, synaptic cleft, temporal lobe, thalamus, tract, white matter
OBJECTIVE 2: Describe the structure and function of the general and special senses.
a. List the different types of receptors and determine where they are found in the body.
b. Explain how the special sense organs for taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing create each of the
sensations they are designed for.
c. Describe how a stimulus is converted into a sensation.
d. Identify the major disorders of the sense organs. (Eye: myopia, hyperopia, presbycusis,
presbyopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, strabismus, color blindness; Ear: conductive &
sensorineural hearing loss, otitis media, vertigo, tinnitus, General: referred pain, phantom pain)
e. Explain how eyesight and hearing are tested and how to interpret those tests.
New Vocabulary: accommodation, ampullaris, aqueous humor, auditory canal, auricle/pinna, blind
spot, bony labyrinth, cerumen, ceruminous glands, chemoreceptor, choroid, ciliary body, cochlea,
cone, conjunctiva, convergence, cornea, endolymph, equilibrium, external/outer ear, fovea centralis,
fundus, inner ear, iris, lacrimal duct, lysozyme, lens, maculae, mechanoreceptor, membranous
labyrinth, middle ear (tympanic cavity), olfactory, optic chiasma, optic disc (blind spot), optic nerve,
organ of Corti, ossicle, oval window, pain receptor, perilymph, pharyngotympanic tube,
photopupillary reflex, photoreceptor, pinna, proprioceptor, pupil, refraction, retina, rod, round
window, sclera, semicircular canals, taste bud, tectorial membrane, thermoreceptor, tympanic
membrane, vitreous humor
OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the structure and function of the endocrine system.
a. Compare and contrast the role of the endocrine system and the nervous system in
maintaining homeostasis
b. Differentiate between and endocrine and an exocrine gland.
c. Label the location of each of the major endocrine glands.
d. List the hormones released from each gland and the function of each.
e. Research and report on a disorder of the endocrine system (diabetes insidipidus/mellitus,
cushings, dwarfism, giantism, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism, Grave’s Disease,
thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, Addison’s Disease, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, myxedema)
Key Vocabulary: adrenal gland, adrenal medulla, adrenocorticotropic hormone, aldosterone, anabolic
steroid, androgen, anterior pituitary, antidiuretic hormone, calcitonin, catecholamines, corticosteroids,
cortisol, cortisone, endocrine gland, epinephrine, erythropoietin, estrogen, exocrine gland, follicle
stimulating hormone, glucagon, gonadotropic hormone, growth hormone, hormone, human chorionic
gonadotropin, hypothalamus, insulin, leutinizing hormone, melatonin, mineral corticoid,
norepinephrine, oxytocin, pancreas, pancreatic islets, parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, pineal
gland, pituitary gland, progesterone, prolactin, prostaglandin, steroids, stimuli (hormonal, humoral,
neural), target cells/organs, testosterone, thymosin, thymus gland, thyroid gland, thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH), thyroxine, tropic hormones
STANDARD 4 – Students will explore aspects of the body systems related to maintenance.
OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the structure and function of the digestive system.
a. List and detail the structures that food and digested materials pass by as they move through the
alimentary canal.
b. Identify the accessory organs of digestion and the role they play in digestion.
c. Define and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion
d. Identify the roles that each part of the digestive system plays in the digestion of food.
e. Explain the process of swallowing and how the body usually prevents us from choking.
f. List and describe the major disorders of the digestive system (Chrons Disease, Irritable Bowel
Syndrome, ulcer, hepatitis, colitis, gallstones, gastritis, lactose intolerance, appendicitis,
diarrhea, constipation, hemorrhoids, Celiac Disease, cirrhosis, emesis, gingivitis, root canal,
dental caries/cavities, hyper/hypoglycemia, jaundice, )
g. Explain the role of bile and the following digestive enzymes: amylase, pepsin, trypsin and lipase.
NKEYWORDS: absorption, alimentary, amylase, anabolism, anus, appendix, ascending colon, bile, bile duct,
bolus, canines, carbohydrates, cardiac sphincter, catabolism, cecum, cementum, cheeks, cholecystokinin,
cholesterol HDL/LDL, chime, colon, hepatic duct, crown, cystic duct, deciduous teeth, defecation, dentin,
descending colon, digestion (mechanical and chemical) duodenum, enamel, esophagus, essential amino
acids, external anal sphincter, feces, gall bladder, gastric juice, gastrin, glucose, greater omentum, haustra,
ileum, incisors, ingestion, jejunum, lacteal, large intestine, layngopharynx, lingual frenulum, lingual tonsil,
lipids, liver, lumen, masticate, metabolism, microvilli, minerals, molars, mouth/ oral cavity, mucosa,
oropharynx, palate-hard and soft, palatine tonsils, pancreas, pancreatic juice, pepsin, periodontal
membrane/ligament, peristalsis, permanent teeth, peyer’s patches, pharynx, polyps, premolars, proteins,
pulp, pyloric sphincter, rectum, root, rugae, salivary amylase, salivary gland, serosa, sigmoid colon, small
intestine, stomach, sublingual glands, tongue, transverse colon, trypsin, urea, uvula, vitamins
OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the structure and function of the excretory system.
a. List the organs of the urinary system and describe their structure and function.
b. List and explain the steps involved with urine formation.
c. Design and perform an experiment to demonstrate the process of osmosis and
relate the results to the function of the nephron.
d. Explain how the body rids itself of other wastes such as CO2, urea, heat, excess salts,
feces, water. Include the role of the blood, respiratory system, integumentary
system.
e. List and describe the major disorders of the urinary system. (dialysis, nephritis,
kidney stones, urinary tract infection, cystitis, bladder cancer, polycystic kidney
Key vocabulary:
acid-base balance, acidosis, aldosterone, alkalosis, ADH, bladder, buffer, calyces, collecting duct, creatinine,
distal convoluted tubule, electrolyte balance, glomerular (bowman’s) capsule, glomerular filtration,
glomerulus, urethral sphincter, kidney, loop of Henle, micturition, nephron, peritubular capillaries, proximal
convoluted tubule, renal artery, calculi, renal columns, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, renal
pyramids, renal tubule, renal vein, renin, renin –angiotensin mechanism, tubular reabsorption, tubular
secretion, urea, ureters, urethra, urethral sphincters-internal and external, urine
STANDARD 5- Students will explore aspects of the body systems related to transportation.
OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the structure and function of the circulatory system.
a. List and describe the structure and functions of the vessels and organs of the circulatory
system.
b. List the four main components of blood and their functions.
c. Identify the four major blood groups and determine what transfusions work with each type.
d.. Trace the path of blood through pulmonary and systemic circulation.
e. Compare resting pulse rate to a variable condition (after exercise, body size, level of fitness,
time of day, etc) and graph the results.
f. Identify the components of the conduction system of the heart and trace the pathway (SA
node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers)
g. Interpret the basic components of an EKG.
h. Explain the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate
i. Compare and contrast normal (post natal) circulation and fetal circulation. Explain the changes
that occur as the lungs open up and the umbilical cord is cut.
j. Take a blood pressure and recognize normal and abnormal ranges. Graph the relationship
between factors that affect blood pressure (such as blood vessel diameter, blood volume, and
velocity) in various vessels of the body.
k. List and describe the major disorders of the circulatory system (Stroke, TIA, Arteriosclerosis,
Hyper/Hypotension, Aneurysm, varicose veins, angina, mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmia,
Endocarditis, Pericarditis, Heart Murmur, Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Cardiomyopathy,
thrombosis, embolism, phlebitis, circulatory shock, congestive heart failure, coronary artery
disease, ischemia, myocardial infarction MI/heart attack, pacemaker, pulmonary edema)
Key Vocabulary: abdominal aorta, aorta, artery, arteriole, arteriosclerosis, ascending aorta, atria, AV
Bundle (Bundle of His), AV Node, AV Valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, blood pressure, capillary, capillary
beds, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, chordae tendinae, carotid artery, coronary arteries, diastole, diastolic
pressure, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, endocardium, epicardium, fibrillation, foramen ovale, gastric
artery, gastric vein, heart block, heart rate, heart sounds, hepatic portal circulation, hepatic portal vein,
hepatic vein, iliac artery, iliac vein, infarct, jugular vein, mesenteric artery, pacemaker, pericardium,
(parietal, visceral), pulmonary arteries, pulmonary circulation, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, pulse,
Purkinje Fibers, renal arteries, renal veins, semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary), septum (interatrial
and interventricular), SA node, splenic artery, splenic vein, stroke volume, subclavian artery, subclavian
vein, systemic circulation, systole, systolic pressure, tricuspid valve, umbilical arteries, umbilical veins,
vascular shunt, vasoconstriction, vena cava- inferior and superior, ventricles, venules
OBJECTIVE 2: Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system.
a. List and describe in detail the structures and functions of the respiratory system.
b. Explain how inspiration and expiration occur.
c. Identify what is being measured by Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume,
Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Vital Capacity, Residual Volume and Total Capacity
d. List and describe the major disorders of the respiratory system.
(Dyspnea, Eupnea, Hyperpnea, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Emphysema, Lung Cancer,
Asthma, COPD, Bronchitis, Cystic Fibrosis, Pneumothorax, Sleep Apnea, Tuberculosis)
e. Write the respiratory equations involved in carrying oxygen to the cells and CO2 from the cells.
Key Vocabulary: alveoli, apex, base, bicarbonate ion, breathing, bronchi, bronchioles,
carbaminohemoglobin, conducting zone, dead space volume, diaphragm, epiglottis, expiration, expiratory
reserve volume ERV, external respiration, glottis, hyaline cartilage, hyperventilation, inspiration,
inspiratory reserve volume, internal respiration, laryngopharynx, larynx, lingual tonsils, lungs, main
(primary) bronchi, mediastinum, nares, nasal cavity, nasal septum, nasopharynx, nose, oropharynx,
oxyhemoglobin, palate (hard/soft), palatine tonsils, paranasal sinuses, pharyngeal tonsil, pleura
(visceral/parietal), pleural space, pulmonary ventilation, residual volume, respiration, respiratory
membrane, respiratory zone, sinuses, surfactant, thyroid cartilage, tidal volume TV, vital capacity VC,
vocal folds
OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the structure and function of the immune system.
a. Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system.
b. List the main lymphatic structures and their functions.
c. Compare the vessels of the lymphatic system with those of the circulatory system and explain
how lymph is moved within the lympatic system.
d. Differentiate between general defense and specific defense
e. Compare and contrast the process of cell mediated immunity and antibody
mediated immunity.
f. Compare and contrast the development and longevity of active and passive immunity.
g. Explain the role of the complement system in self defense
h. List the factors that cause redness, swelling, itching, and heat in the inflammatory response.
i.
List the major types of immune deficiencies and disorders (i.e. Allergies, AIDS,
Autoimmune, Anaphylactic Shock, Edema, Immunizations, Viral/Bacterial Infection, &Leukemia)
and explain their causes.
Key vocabulary : active immunity, agglutination, allergy, antibody, antibody-mediated immunity,
antigen, autoimmune disease, B Cells/B Lymphocytes, bradykinins, cell-mediated immunity,
chemotaxis, clone, complement, cytokines, cytotoxic (killer) T Cells, fever, helper T cells, histamine,
humoral immunity, immune response, immunity, immunodeficiencies, , inflammatory response,
immunoglobulins, innate (nonspecific defense), interferon, lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymph
nodes, lymphatic collecting ducts (right,thoracic), lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes, lysosome,
macrophage, memory cells, monoclonal antibodies, natural killer cells NK, neutralization, passive
immunity, pathogen, phagocyte, plasma cell, primary response, pyrogen, right lymphatic duct,
secondary response, spleen, T cells/T lymphocytes, thoracic duct, thymus, tonsils, vaccine
STANDARD 6 – Students will explore aspects of the human reproductive systems.
OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the general functions of the reproductive system and the structure and
function of male and female reproductive organs.
a. Label the parts of the male and female reproductive system and identify their role in
reproduction.
b. Explain how gametes are produced through meiosis (oogenesis, spermatogenesis)
c. Recognize the hormones involved in the male reproductive system and the role they play.
d. Recognize the hormones involved with the female reproductive system and the role they play
during the monthly menstrual cycle, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation.
e. Identify the major events/stages occurring during embryonic development.
f. Identify the major events/stages of fetal development and major milestones of development in
the womb
g. Research and present a disorder related to the reproductive systems of males and females.
(cystitis, a/dysmenorrhea, menarche, menopause, HPV, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer,
prostate cancer/enlargement, infertility, cervical/uterine/vaginal/vulvular cancer, pelvic
inflammatory disease PID, endometriosis, breast cancer, hysterectomy, uterine fibroids.
epididymitis, STD)
Key vocabulary: accessory reproductive organs, afterbirth, amnion, areola, blastocyst,
bulbourethral glands, cervix, chorionic villi, cleavage, clitoris, corpus luteum, duct system,
ductus (vas) deferens, ectoderm, ejaculation, ejaculatory duct, embryo, endoderm,
endometrium, epididymis, estrogen, external genitalia, fallopian tubes, fertilization, fetus,
fimbriae, follicle, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, foreskin, gametes, genitalia, glans penis,
gonads, Graafian (vesicular) follicle, vestibular glands, human chorionic gonadotropin hCG,
hymen, hypertrophy, implantation, inner cell mass, labia majora, labia minora, labor, lactating,
lactiferous ducts, luteinizing hormone LH, mammary glands, ,meiosis, menarche, menopause,
mesoderm, mons pubis, myometrium, nipple, oocyte, oogenesis, oogonia, ova, ovarian cycle,
ovarian follicles, ovaries, ovulation, ovum, parturition, penis, perimetrium, perineum, placenta,
pregnancy, primary oocyte, primary spermatocyte, progesterone, prostate, puberty, relaxin,
scrotum, secondary oocyte, secondary sex characteristics, semen, seminal vesicles,
seminiferous tubules, shaft, sperm, spermatic cord, spermatids, spermatogenesis, testes,
testosterone, trophoblast, umbilical cord, urethra, uterine (menstrual ) cycle, uterus, vagina,
vestibule, vulva, zygote