Ch 1, 8, and 9
Zoology is the study of animal life
 # of species currently classified: 1.5 million
 Use taxonomy to help classify animals

◦ What is taxonomy?
 Naming and evolutionary background of animals
◦ How? Using what? Use patterns of physical, chemical
and ecological relationship to classify animals
 Use 5 categories to classify animals

Definition
◦ Balanced proportions, how does size/shape
Spherical
compare on opposite halves

4 main types
Biradial
Bilateral
Radial

1) Spherical
◦ Any plane passing through center divides body into
equivalent parts/halves, very rare
◦ Ex: some unicellular organisms

2) Biradial
◦ Only two planes produce mirrored halves
◦ Ex: comb jelly fish

3) Radial
◦ More than two planes creates similar halves
◦ Ex: starfish, hydra, sponge

4) Bilateral
◦ Divides along a sagittal plant making right/left ½
◦ Ex: most insects, mammals, birds, reptiles
 Evidence
types
◦ 1) Fossils
◦ 2) Protein/DNA structure
◦ 3) Biochemistry (molecular make-up)
◦ 4) Biogeography
 Most
widely used TODAY, in modern
science to classify organisms
 Use phylogeny to group/classify organisms
◦ Def: origin and diversity of organisms
◦ Where did organisms come from?
 10
major body systems

1) Circulatory
◦ Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide), hormones and wastes
◦ Organs: heart, veins, arteries, vessels,
capillaries, blood

2) Digestive
◦ To breakdown food into proteins, vitamins,
minerals, carbs and fats; absorbs nutrients
necessary for growth and maintenance
◦ Organs: mouth, stomach, esophagus,
intestines

3) Endocrine
◦ To rely chemical message throughout the
body
◦ Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, ovaries and
testes

4) Lymphatic/Immune
◦ To destroy and remove invading microbes
and viruses; remove fat and excess fluid
◦ Organs: lymph nodes, white blood cells, Tcells

5) Muscular system
◦ To provide movement, control
movement of materials through some
organs
◦ Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal,
smooth, cardiac

6) Nervous system
◦ To relay electrical signals throughout the
body, directs behavior and/or movement
◦ Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

7) Reproductive system
◦ To manufacture cells that allow for
reproduction (sperm and egg)
◦ Organs: ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary
glands, fallopian tubes; testis, penis

8) Respiratory system
◦ To provide gas exchange between blood
and the environment
◦ Organs: lungs, trachea, nose,
bronchial tubes

9) Skeletal system
◦ To provide support for the body,
protection of organs, provides attachment
site for organs/muscles
◦ Organs: bones, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments

10) Excretory/Urinary system
◦ To filter out cellular wastes, toxins and
excess water from the circulatory system
◦ Organs: kidney, bladder, ureter
Homologous is similarities between organisms
resulting from a common ancestor
 This characteristic and evolutionary evidence
work together
 Ex:

 Ecological:
different biomes, different
areas to eat, sleep, etc.
◦ Niche/Habitat
 Diet:
What do they eat?
 Predator/Prey:
◦ Hunting for eating purposes
 Hierarchy
 From
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
largest group to smallest group
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
 How
◦5
many do we currently have?
 Names
of these:
◦ Animal, plant, fungi, monerans/bacteria,
protists
 Major
differences between them:
◦ Fun/Animals: must consume food
◦ Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts
◦ Protists/monerans: unicellular
9
we study
Annelida
◦ Names of each
◦ Example of each
Echinodermata
◦ 8 invertebrates, 1 vertebrate
◦ Invert vs. vert.
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Chordata
Cnidaria
Porifera
Mollusca
Arthropod
Used in naming system called binomial
nomenclature, current system of naming and
classifying animals
 Scientist who invented system: Carl Linnaeus

◦ Genus – capitalized
◦ Species – NOT capitalized
◦ Both are italicized or underlined

Ex:
Homo sapiens
 How
does phylogeny relate
to classification and taxonomy
◦ Classification is categorizing
◦ Taxonomy is naming
◦ Phylogeny is using evolution to classify and
name animals
◦ They are related because they all rely
upon each other to get species
organized into workable categories
 Species is a reproductive community
living in a specific area/location
 3 criteria for recognizing species
 1) Common ancestor or common descent
 2) Small grouping w/ distinct and unique
characteristics
 3) Must be able to reproduce
◦ After a NEW species is discovered:
 Must name it
 Classify it
 Use phylogeny (evolutionary evidence)
 1) Comparative homology
 2) Character variation
 3) Ecological relationships