Animal Anatomy and
Physiology
MR. PACE
Animal Anatomy and Physiology
At the completion of this unit, students will be able to:
A. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated
with the skeletal and muscular systems
B. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases in the
respiratory system
C. Describe the organs, function, and common associated diseases in
the digestive system
D. Describe the organs, function, and common associated diseases in
the circulatory system
E. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated
with the endocrine and excretory system
F. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated
with the integumentary and nervous system
G. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated
with the immune and reproductive systems.
What’s Anatomy and Physiology??
 Anatomy:
 Structure of a plant or an animal
 Physiology:
 Functions of living organisms and their parts.
You must know what “normal”
Functioning is to recognize the abnormal
Skeletal System
 Purpose
 Provide Structure and Function to the body
 Made up of:
 Bones
 Cartilage
 Connective Tissue (tendons and ligaments)
Skeletal System
 Axial Skeleton
 Head
 Spinal Column
 Ribs
 Appendicular Skeleton
 Limbs
Skeletal System
 Short Bone – cube shaped, found by joints and give
flexibility

i.e. carpus and tarsus
 Flat Bone – plate of bone, usually protect vital organs

i.e. scapula, rib, skull
 Irregular Bone – complex shaped

i.e. Vertebrae
 Sesamoid – small, seed – shaped bone

i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella
 Long Bone – bone is longer than it is wide

i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc
Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Bone Anatomy
Bone marrow
Endosteum
Medullar
y cavity
Skeletal System Problems
Fractures
Skeletal System Problems
Fractures
 Cause: Injury
 Symptoms: lameness, malformation of limb
 Cure:
 Low (er) cost = Splints & Casts
 High cost = Surgery
Skeletal System Problems
Fractures
Skeletal System Problems
Fracture Repair
Skeletal System Problems
Hip Dysplasia
 Cause: Genetic, Large breed dogs most prone
 Symptoms: Lameness, as young as 6-12 months old,
reluctant to rise or jump
 Cure:


Low(er) cost = Arthritis medication to control pain
High Cost = Surgery
Skeletal System Problems
Hip Dysplasia
Normal Hip
Young dog with
early signs of hip
dysplasia
Older dog with
severe hip
dysplasia
Skeletal System Problems
Osteosarcoma
 Cause: Unknown, but giant breeds are extra prone
 Symptoms: Lameness, abnormal shape to affected
area (bone tumor)
 Cure:


Amputation, chemotherapy
No good cure
Skeletal System Problems
Osteosarcoma
Skeletal System Problems
Cruciate Ligament Tear
 Cause: Injury
 Symptoms: Lameness
 Cure:
 Surgery

AKA: ACL Repair (in humans)
Skeletal System Problems
Cruciate Ligament Tear
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jg9E2
nBt_E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nU2
QZjjByg
Skeletal System Problems
Arthritis
 Cause: Age (previous injuries increase chances of
arthritis significantly)
 Symptoms: Lameness, difficulty getting up and down
 Cure:

Anti inflammatory meds
Muscular System
 Purpose:
 Move the Skeleton
 Proper Organ Function
 Meat
 Made up of:
 Skeletal Muscle: Movement
 Cardiac Muscle: Heart
 Smooth Muscle: Organs
Muscular System
 Classifications of Muscle:
 Voluntary:
Movement is made by choice
 Involuntary:
automatically
Movement happens
Muscular System
 Muscle Movement:
Muscular System
Masseter
Latissimus
Dorsi
External
Brachiocephalicus
abdominal
oblique
Trapezius
Gluteals
Pectorals
Semitendinous
Gastrocnemius
Deltoid
Intercostal
Triceps
brachi
Biceps
femoris
Muscular System Problems
Sprains
 Cause: Injury
 Symptoms: Lameness
 Cure:
 Rest
 Anti inflammatory meds
Respiratory System
 Purpose:
 Provide Oxygen to blood
 Expel Carbon Dioxide
 Regulates Temperature………??

Dogs and cats pant to cool down because they can’t sweat
• Made up of:
• Nasal Cavity
• Trachea
• Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles
• Alveoli
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Lower Respiratory System
Respiratory System Problems
Upper Respiratory Infection
 Cause: Bacteria or Virus
 Symptoms: Runny Nose, Sneezing
 Cure:
 Antibiotics

**Very common in kittens
Respiratory System Problems
Bordetella
 Cause: Virus
 Symptoms: Coughing
 Prevention: Vaccine
 Cure:

Antibiotics can help symptoms but viruses have to run their
course
Respiratory System Problems
Reverse Sneeze
 Cause: Nasal, Pharyngeal, or sinus irritation OR
brachycephalic skulls
 Symptoms: Rapid forced inhalation through the nose,
snorting and gagging
 Cure:

Cover the dogs nose so it has to breath through their mouth
and sallow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IszRBYxsGI
Digestive System
 Purpose:
 Convert food into energy to live and grow
 Made up of:
 Mouth, teeth, esophagus
 Stomach
 Intestines
 Glands producing digestive enzymes
Digestive System
Monogastric
Ruminant
Digestive System
 Monogastric
 Simple stomach
 One comartment




Pig
Horse
Dog
Cat
Digestive System
 Ruminants:
 One Stomach
 4 compartments





Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Deer/Elk/Moose
Giraffes
Digestive System Problems
Foreign Body
“Garbage Gut”
 Cause: Ingesting foreign material
 Symptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy
 Cure:

Surgery to remove foreign body

What does your pet think tastes good?
Foreign Body “Garbage Gut”
Digestive System Problems Case Study….
 Herbie, a 5-year-old, neutered basset hound,
presented with a 2-day history of lethargy and
intermittent vomiting. The owner had noticed a
small number of pebbles in the vomitus.
 On physical examination, palpation revealed a
slightly painful abdomen and a bean bag–like feel to
the cranioventral abdomen. Abdominal radiography
revealed a large amount of mineral-density,
radiopaque material in the stomach, with diffuse gas
and additional mineral-density opacities in areas of
the intestines and colon
Digestive System Problems Case Study…..
Digestive System Problems Case Study…..
 During gastrostomy, 2 lb of pea gravel was removed!
The owner later discovered that a family member
had emptied a pan of grease on some outdoor gravel,
and Herbie did what any red-blooded dog would do.
Herbie recovered normally from surgery and is back
to being the perfect basset hound
Digestive System Problems
Obesity
 Cause: Over-eating, no exercise, table scraps
 Symptoms: Overweight
 Cure: Strict diet and exercise
Digestive System Problems
Obesity
 What’s the danger?
 Arthritis
 Diabetes
 Pancreatitis
 Etc

Video
Video
Obesity