Civil Air Patrol – Arizona Wing
Aerospace Education Program for
Senior Members (AEPSM)
Sky Harbor Composite Squadron 301 AEO, 1LT Tom Lodge Rev June, 2002
CO Wing Boulder Composite Squadron AEO, SM Jim Garrard Rev Oct, 2006
Page 1
Agenda
• Introduction
• Part 1 - The Rich History of Air Power
• Part 2 - Principles of Flight & Navigation
• Part 3 - The Aerospace Community
• Part 4 - Air Environment
• Part 5 - Rockets
• Part 6 - Space
• Future Endeavors
• Testing
• Resources
Page 2
Introduction
• Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members
(AEPSM)
• All Senior Members are responsible to become knowledgeable in
aerospace education as one of the three basic foundations of CAP
(ES, AE, CP)
• Self paced study based on text Aerospace: The
Journey of Flight
• Open book or closed book, un-timed exam, passing
70% and correctable to 100% (online are open book)
• Charles E. “Chuck” Yeager Aerospace Education
Achievement Award
• Approximately 8 hours, 3 to 5 evenings
• Text available online – eServices, click on link to
Aerospace: The Journey of Flight
Page 3
Part 1 The Rich History of Air Power
Chap. 1- Introduction to Air
Power
Chap. 2- Adolescence of Air
Power: 1904-1919
Chap. 3- The Golden Age:
1919-1939
Chap. 4- Air Power Goes to War
Chap. 5- Aviation: From the Cold
War to Desert Storm
Chap. 6- Advances in Aviation
Page 4
1 Introduction to Air Power
• Desire to fly dates back 4000 years - China
• Invented kite 100 BC, Gun Powder 900 AD, Rockets 1100
AD
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Artist, Architect, Man of
Science
• First scientific experiments in field of aviation
• 160 pages of descriptions & sketches of flying machines
• 1st design of parachute and helicopter
• Wrote about principles of CG, CP, Streamlining
• Lighter-than-air: Balloons
• 1783 Montgolfier brothers first balloon experiment with
sheep, rooster, duck (hot air balloon)
• Nov 21, 1783 - Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’Arlandes
were first humans to fly lighter-than-air. Flight lasted 25
minutes and 5 miles.
• Dec 1, 1783 – J.A.C. Charles & passenger fly hydrogen
balloon. Flight lasted 2 hours and 27 miles.
• First balloon flight in US: Jan 9, 1793 in Philadelphia
• 1st US military use in Civil War-observation, aerial
reporting
Page 5
1 Introduction to Air Power
Dirigible: Lighter-than-air craft that can be propelled
and steered
• Paul Haenlein - 1st dirigible powered by an
internal combustion engine (powered by the
coal gas inside the balloon)
• Ferdinand von Zeppelin - built and flew the
world’s first rigid dirigible LZ-1.
Developing the Airplane
• George Cayley – 1850, first successful
manned glider. Also identified lift, drag and
thrust and developed cambered wing.
• Francis H. Wenham – 1871, built first wind
tunnel and to test wing shapes.
• Otto Lilienthal – “Father of modern aviation.”
1891-1896 made 2000 glider flights. His
writings inspired other aviators.
• Samuel Pierpont Langley – Added an
internal combustion engine to a copy of his
successful glider and received Federal
funding. Glider didn’t fly but 9 days later…
Page 6
2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919
Wright Brothers
• First to achieve controlled, sustained, powered
heavier than air flight.
• Learned from previous pioneers and observing
birds in flight
• Utilized “wing-warping technique” for control
• Utilized gas powered engine; built gliders
• December 17, 1903-1st powered flight-120’ in 12
seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C.
• Completed 3 flights that day, longest 852 feet, 59
seconds.
• Very secretive, didn’t publish their flights until 1906
• Poor press, no enthusiasm
• No government interest until Teddy Roosevelt took a personal interest
• Contracted w/ Board of Ordnance & Fortifications to train 2 pilots
• Held Demonstration flights in France
• Sept 17, 1908- 1st death in powered aircraft (Orville Wright piloting, Lt.
Thomas Selfridge died in crash (propeller failed)
Page 7
2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919
America
• Glenn Curtis turns from motorcycles to
airplanes but uses aileron technology
• Develops first aircraft for sale
• Intense Patent litigation between Wright
Brothers and Glenn Curtis slows
aircraft advancement in U.S.
Europe
• Frenchman Robert Esnault-Pelterie 1st
aileron application and enclosed
fuselage
• Alberto Santos-Dumont of Brazil flew
1st powered airplane in Europe 1906
(thought to be inventor of airplane until
Write Bros. published their flights.
• Louis Bleriot-Built/flew 1st powered
monoplane.
Page 8
2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919
Aviation Gains Recognition
• Vin Fiz Flyer - 1st aircraft to fly across
US coast to coast, built by Wright Bros,
piloted by Calbraith Perry Rodgers (68
landings, 4251 miles in 49 days, not bad
for 40hp but didn’t win Hearst’s $50,000
prize for a 30 day crossing).
• Harriet Quimby - 1st licensed female
pilot in US, 1911
• Bessie Coleman – 1st licensed Black
female pilot in world, 1921
• Louis Breguet - 1st helicopter to lift man
• World’s 1st regularly scheduled airline St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat, 1914
• World’s 1st four engine aircraft,
forerunner to today’s airliners – Igor
Sikorsky, 1913
Page 9
2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919
World War I
Gen. Billy Mitchell
• Airplane not recognized as
important at beginning WWI
• Recognized that the airplane is an
offensive weapon
• Germans had dirigibles as bombers
(filled w/ hydrogen)
• Air service should be separate
service than Army
• Germans developed bombers
• Air power can be effective against
ground troops
• Fighters developed to shoot down
bombers
• Eddie Rickenbacker - American WWI
ace-16 kills in 5 months. Only
American flyer to receive Medal of
Honor still alive at the end of WWI
(also lived through WWII)
• Warned of surprise attack on U.S. but
was court-martialed for continuing to
speak out about air power policies
• US didn’t recognize aircraft as
“game changer” - used
English/French built aircraft
• Lafayette Escadrille - American
group of flyers serving the French
• Curtiss JN-4 “Jenny” airplanes mass
produced and used as trainers
Page 10
3 Golden Age 1919-1939
US Aviation after WW I
• US had built 15,000 airplanes during war (almost all were trainers)
• US front-line strength: 750 combat aircraft, 800 pilots
• 3 days after war ended, US gov’t cancelled $100M airplane contracts
• 175,000 workers laid off, production dropped 85%, military aviation cut 95%
Barnstormers
• Ex-military pilots, flew to attract attention
• Most people in US had not seen an airplane
• 1st licensed African-American pilot - Bessie Coleman
Billy Mitchell and airpower
• Air power could strike industrial targets, attack troop supply routes, shorten war
• Stressed importance of airpower in strategic warfare
• Sank the “unsinkable” Ostfriesland battleship
• Demolished by 2000 lb. bombs after unsuccessful attempts with lighter bombs
• Navy recognized importance and within 8 months had first aircraft carrier
• Organized 1st around the world flight with 4 Douglas World Cruisers Boston, Chicago, Seattle, New Orleans
Page 11
3 Golden Age 1919-1939
National Air Races
• Schneider Trophy - seaplane race
• Pulitzer Trophy - 29 mile closed course
• Thompson Trophy - closed circuit “horserace style”
• Bendix Trophy Race - West coast to Cleveland – 1931
• Famous early racers – Curtiss, Doolittle, Cochran
Air Mail
• First service by US Post Office May 15, 1918 between
Washington DC and New York City.
• May 20, 1926 - Air Commerce Act, first attempt to
regulate commercial aviation
• President Roosevelt signed Civil Aeronautics Act of
1938 creating Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) - one
independent agency to regulate law and safety
1st non-stop Atlantic crossing
• July 1919-John Alcock and Arthur Brown (Vimy IV)
• St. Johns Newfoundland to Ireland 16 hrs, 1980 miles.
1st solo non-stop Atlantic crossing
• May 20, 1927 - Charles Lindbergh in the Spirit of St.
Louis, built by Ryan Aircraft
Page 12
3 Golden Age 1919-1939
Aviation Grows
• Commercial ventures – Travel Air Mfg Co (Lloyd
Stearman, Clyde Cessna, Walter Beech)
• School for Aeronautics founded in 1926 at New York
University
• First successful blind take-off and landing – Jimmy
Doolittle, 1929
• First successful helicopter – Igor Sikorsky, 1939
Commercial Aviation Matures
• Air Mail Act of 1925 – amended in 1930 to help spawn
new advances in commercial aircraft and provide
incentives for carriers to also carry passengers.
• Transcontinental and Western Airlines and American
Airways given new mail routes.
• Boeing develops the 247, the first all metal airliner.
• Douglas counters with DC series (DC-3 most famous).
• Seaplanes developed to traverse large open water
distances (Clipper’s built by Sikorsky, Martin and
Boeing)
Page 13
3 Golden Age 1919-1939
Dirigibles
• Very successful due to large crew and passenger
capabilities and comforts and long flight durations.
• Hydrogen gas compromised safety (Hindenburg).
• U.S. Navy used helium gas dirigibles to patrol coasts.
Possibility of War
• U.S. aircraft lagging behind Europe in development
(still used bi-planes as front line fighter/escorts).
• Civilian air transports were used as the base for
successful military transports and bombers.
• Only one military pilot training base.
• Hap Arnold devises plan to use civilian training to
teach basic flight, many trained in Piper Cubs.
• Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP) established in
1939 to train pilots through the private certificate (name
changed to War Training Service in 1942 and over
300,000 pilots were trained by 1944).
• CPTP opened the door for African-American aviators
and eventually the Tuskegee Airman.
Page 14
4 Air Power Goes to War
New Type of War
Battle of Britain August 1940
• Germany had terrible losses in WWI from
trench warfare
• Luftwaffe focused on gaining control of air over
Britain
• Blitzkrieg - “lightning war” combination of
army and air forces
• Germany did not have long range bombers
• Germany focused on small/medium sized
aircraft to support Blitzkrieg tactics
• Britain used radar
• Allies (US, England, France) had cut back
aircraft production - weakened air power
• Britain focused on defensive warfare with fighters
• Britain won by having the right aircraft for battle
Germany Advances
• 1939 – Germany invades Poland then
Great Britain and France declare war
• Italy & Germany attack western Africa
• Axis invaded Greece, Russia
• Russia used heavy defenses including
woman pilots and aircraft “tank killers”
for combat sorties.
• Germany forces spread too thin on 3
fronts
Page 15
4 Air Power Goes to War
US Enters WWII
• December 7, 1941 - Japanese attack Pear Harbor,
Hawaii. Purpose was to cripple the US naval fleet
but failed to destroy U.S. aircraft carriers.
• Allied strategy • Defensive to offensive
• Recapture territory occupied by Germany &
Japan
• Force both Germany & Japan to
unconditional surrender
• European campaign had priority over Pacific
• Focus on strategic bombing
Lessons in North Africa
• Centralize control of air forces
• Gain air superiority - attack airfields,
aircraft
• Interdiction - cripple enemy supplies
• Close ground support - bomb enemy
troops
• Hitler defeated in North Africa
Page 16
4 Air Power Goes to War
Europe
Pacific
• US declared war on Germany/Axis 12/11/41
• Japan rapidly advancing throughout the pacific
• 8th Air Force formed in 1/42, 8/42 1st bombing
mission
• 1942 -Battle of Coral Sea & Midway-entirely by
airpower, no surface ship engagement
• US strategy-precision daytime bombing (heavy • Established strategy for subsequent naval battles
losses until development of long rang fighters • Stopped advance of Japan
• RAF strategy-Night blanket operations
• 4/42 Doolittle Raid on Tokyo (B-25)
• 6/6/44 - Normandy invasion
• 8/6/45 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima (B-29)
• 5/7/45 - Germany surrenders
• 8/9/45 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki (B-29)
• 5/8/45 - (VE Day) All official operations end
• 8/15/45 Japan surrenders
Lessons Learned
• 9/2/45 (VJ Day) Japan signs surrender on board
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
• Airplane became prominent weapon of war
• Aircraft carrier became primary naval
weapon
• 20 Million killed, 4 million civilians
• Warfare-no one wins or loses
• Sensible solution is to prevent war rather
than fight one.
Page 17
4 Air Power Goes to War
Aviation Advances
• British and Germans invent jet propulsion and create
operational jet fighters.
• Germany creates rocket powered aircraft, missiles and
JATO (jet assisted take off).
• U.S. creates jet fighter prototype but concentrates on
bomber and piston fighter production. Jet does not
become operational before end of war.
• First successful military rescue helicopter – Sikorsky
R-4.
• Advances in radar and radar jamming.
• Advances in radio navigation.
Page 18
5 Aviation:
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
Political Climate
•
Postwar years (after WWII) were called the “Cold War.”
•
The former Axis conquests liberated by the Soviet Union were under their control and established
communist forms of government whereas lands liberated by the Allies were established as republics.
•
Soviet Union tried to spread communism, US tried to stop it.
•
Antagonistic relationship, not a “hot” war (U.S. and Soviet Union did not want direct conflict).
•
Cold War shaped many developments in aviation. Aircraft and weapons were created to counter real or
perceived threats between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Postwar Activities
•
Air Corps cutbacks from 2,125,000 (9/45) to less
than 900,000 (1/46) and then 300,000 by 1947.
•
Air Corps separated from Army by National
Security Act on July 26, 1947.
•
General Carl Spaatz becomes first Chief of Staff
of the USAF.
•
New roll for Air Force – Nuclear Deterrence
•
Strategic Air Command (SAC) created
•
Handful of B-29’s and few atom bombs
•
B-36 entered service in 1948 (designed in
1941, could carry 10,000 pounds of bombs
for 10,000 miles)
Page 19
5 Aviation:
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
Berlin Airlift
•
Soviet Union blocks all surface supply routs to
East Berlin to get allies to leave city.
•
West Berlin needs 4500 tons of supplies per day to
survive.
•
Airlift started with 105 C-47’s and 54 C-54’s (C-47
could carry 3.5 tons and C54 could carry 10 tons)
and expanded to 319 C-54’s and 150 British planes.
•
Airlift lasted almost one year and resulted in 12,940
tons of supplies delivered by 1,398 flights per day
for a total of 1,750,000 tons total.
Korean War
•
6/25/50 North Korea invaded S. Korea-ended 7/53
•
1st Priority to stop advance of N. Korean Army
•
U.N. sends troops with U.S. as lead.
•
Air power helps keep U.N. forces in Korea until
more troops arrive.
•
1st all jet battle - F-80 shot down MIG-15
•
Lessons learned: atomic arsenal not enough to
prevent war, multiple levels of conflict
Page 20
5 Aviation:
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
Commercial Aviation Developments
•
Wartime improvements to instrumentation,
navigation and increased safety make their way to
commercial aircraft.
•
More and better pilots and weather forecasting
improve commercial airline traffic.
•
Douglas DC-3 (C-47), DC-4 (C-54) and Lockheed
Constellation (C-69) are converted to airliners.
•
Bigger, faster, more comfortable DC-6, DC-7 and
Super Constellation follow.
•
DeHavilland Comet becomes first commercial jet.
General Aviation Developments
•
Cessna introduces high wing all metal aircraft (C120, G-140) in 1946.
•
Piper continues production of popular Cub but
adds an all metal low wing model (Skysedan,
forerunner to the Cherokee)
•
Beech produces its Model 18 after the war and
introduces the Model 35 Bonanza (all metal low
wing) in 1947.
•
Cessna, Piper and Beech are the “Big 3” and
others (Mooney, Rockwell, Maule) follow.
Page 21
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
5 Aviation:
Research & Development
• Northrop X-4
• Bell X-1 1st plane to
exceed Mach 1
• 10/14/47 Chuck Yeager
• Tailless research
• Led to XB-35, YB-49
and B-2 stealth bomber
• Bell X-2
• Douglas D558-II
• Swept wing research
• 1st plane to exceed
Mach 2
• 1st plane to exceed
Mach 3
• 11/20/53 Scott
Crossfield
• 9/27/56 Milburn Apt
• Douglas X-3
• Bell X-5
• High speed flight
materials &
aerodynamics
testing
• Variable geometry
wing research
• Never exceeded
speed of sound (not
enough power in jet
engine)
• Led to F-111, F-14, B-1
The X-Planes: X-1 to X-5
Jay Miller
Page 22
5 Aviation:
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
Fighter Developments
• X Plane program leads to quick advances in
fighters and bombers.
• F-100 Super Sabre first production
supersonic fighter (1953)
• Between 1953 and 1956, six different
“Century Series” supersonic fighters
introduced (F-100 Super Sabre, F-101
Voodoo, F-102 Delta Dagger, F-104
Starfighter, F-105 Thunderchief, F-106 Delta
Dart.
Bomber Developments
• Swept Wing technology makes its way into
bomber designs.
• Boeing B47 Stratojet first all jet bomber
(1951) but with only a 3000 mile range.
• Boeing followed up with the B-52
Stratofortress in 1952 (10,000 mile range).
• Convair B-58 Hustler (1960) was first
supersonic bomber (Ma 2.1)
Page 23
5 Aviation:
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
Vietnam Conflict
• Americas Longest War - 25 years
• Phase I-1950-1954-Aid and advisors for
French
• Phase II 1954-1964-French defeated, troops
sent to train S. Vietnamese
• Phase III-1964-1969-US Naval ships attacked.
8/64 Tonkin Gulf Resolution- empowered
Johnson “take all necessary measures to
repel armed attack against forces of US and
prevent further aggression.”
• Operation Rolling Thunder: 1965-1968
• 3 year bombing campaign to force N.
Vietnam to surrender. Limited targets
• Operation Linebacker I & II (1972)
• President Nixon’s method to get N.
Vietnam to negotiate. Linebacker II was
the only true strategic bombing
campaign of Vietnam War
• Phase IV-1969-1975-Nixon withdrew troops,
Saigon captured by N. Vietnamese in 1975.
Page 24
5 Aviation:
From the Cold War to
Desert Storm
Cold War Advances
• Arms race lead to better aircraft and
weapons.
• U.S. outspent Soviet Union on aerospace
advances.
• Fall of Berlin Wall and collapse of Soviet
Union in 1989 spelled the end of the Cold
War.
Desert War
• Iraq invades Kuwait in dispute over oil and
outstanding loans (1990).
• Massive deployment of aircraft immediately
sent to Saudi Arabia (non-stop, mid-air
refueled flights)
• U.N. coalition forces mobilized.
• First deployment of the Civil Air Reserve
Fleet (commercial airliners and cargo jets).
• WWII/Korea/Vietnam lessons helped
planning.
• Initial air strikes target communication, SAM
& RADAR sights, industries, supply lines.
• Ground war lasts only 100 hours.
Page 25
6 Advances In Aeronautics
Aeronautical Research
•
X-15 joint USAF, Navy, NASA program to build aircraft to fly
4500 mph at 250k feet.
•
XB-70-Mach 3 high altitude supersonic bomber prototype to
replace B-52
•
Composite materials-Strong, lightweight, non-metallic
•
Oblique wing-Pivoting wing-optimum lift under different
circumstances
•
Winglets-Reduce vortices off wingtips reducing drag
•
Canards-Horizontal surfaces forward of main wing
•
Supercritical wing-Delay point at which air reaches
supersonic speeds, delaying increased drag.
•
Forward-swept wing: X-29
Military Advancements
•
U-2: High altitude reconnaissance
•
SR-71: Mach 3+ high altitude
reconnaissance
•
B-1B: Low altitude, high speed
strategic bomber
•
F-117 Nighthawk: 1st stealth fighterbomber
•
B-2: Stealth bomber
Page 26
6 Advances In Aeronautics
Civil Jet Aviation-the Beginning
• 1st commercial jet DeHavilland Comet
(failed due to metal fatigue)
• 1st successful commercial jet Boeing
707, 1957
• Douglas’ answer to 707, the DC-8
• Defined global air travel through the
1960’s
• Short/medium range: 727, DC-9, 737
• 737 most produced jetliner in history
Page 27
6 Advances In Aeronautics
Civil Aviation-The Wide body’s
• 1st wide-body and largest
commercial aircraft in service Boeing 747, 1968
• Douglas entered with DC-10 tri-jet
• Lockheed entered with L-1011 tri-jet
• Airbus enters with A-300 twinjet
• First supersonic transport:
Concorde
• The advanced twins: 757, 767
• DC-9 grows into MD-80
• Airbus enters the narrow body
market with A320
Page 28
6 Advances In Aeronautics
Civil Aviation-Modern Transports of the 1990’s
• Boeing MD-11, 777, 737-700 series
• Airbus A330, A340
Civil Aviation-The Future….
• Boeing Sonic Cruiser
• Airbus A380 (will be larger than 747)
Page 29