Patterns of Growth in Fishes Grow and Survive to Reproduce Growth patterns in fishes Context for study of growth: to “succeed”, a fish must reproduce viable offspring to reproduce, a fish must survive long enough to reach maturity to reach maturity, a fish must grow: Factors Affecting Growth Hormones – Growth hormone secreted by pituitary – Steroid hormones from gonads Temperature – Most important environmental factor – Growth increases up to a point – Fish tend to prefer temperatures where their growth is maximal Growth patterns in fishes Dissolved Oxygen – More is better Ammonia – High concentrations slow growth Salinity – Growth is altered when fish are not in their optimum salinity Growth patterns in fishes Competition – Generally slows growth Food – Availability & quality affect growth Photoperiod – Longer days increase growth Growth patterns in fishes • Age & Maturity – Growth is rapid early in life – With maturity more energy is diverted to gonadal tissue – Larger fish need more energy to maintain body Conditioning (Weight lifting for fish??) Keys to success: GROW SURVIVE REPRODUCE Bioenergetic context Growth is the accumulation of somatic (body) tissue that depends on a surplus of energy consumed Bioenergetic context Bioenergetic equation: I=M+G+R+E I = energy ingested M = energy used to maintain healthy tissues G = energy for growing somatic tissue R = energy for reproduction E = energy “lost” through inefficiency of energy transfers, etc. Growth Rate Anything in the internal or external environment that increases or decreases I: food availability competition with other fish for food time spent hiding from or escaping predators time spent defending a territory Growth Rate Anything in the internal or external environment that increases or decreases M: temperature dissolved oxygen toxins - NH4+, heavy metals, organic toxins Growth Rate Energy for growth is a tradeoff with energy for reproduction general pattern: grow first, then reproduce increased size --> • increased fecundity (females) • increased territorial success (males, females) • increased metabolic efficiency (to a point) Fish growth often is periodic Seasonal variation in temperature, food availability, spawning activity, can cause seasonal growth cessation (Can you think of examples where this might happen?) Fish growth often is periodic Seasonal variation in temperature, food availability, spawning activity, can cause seasonal growth cessation If periods are regular (e.g., annual or daily), a record of growth and nogrowth periods is formed in hard structures: scales, fin spines or rays, vertebral centra, opercle bones, ear bones (otoliths) Fish growth often is periodic Periodic growth marks allow estimation of growth rates by counting and measuring distances between growth checks Endocrine Growth Regulation Pituitary growth hormone: increases appetite increases food conversion efficiency increases production of stomatomedin (stimulate cell growth and division) How do different forms of mortality effect overall population growth?? Internal regulation of growth endocrine system Anabolic steriods stimulate growth: testosterone in males estrogen in females corticosteroids in both sexes Internal regulation of growth endocrine system Thyroid hormones stimulate growth Also regulate metamorphosis Fish growth is indeterminate Growth continues throughout life cycle limits to ultimate size are BIOTIC (food availability, metabolic efficiency) and not MECHANICAL (counteracting gravity, etc.) Fish growth is indeterminate Advantages to indeterminate growth: larger size yields greater efficiency Fish growth is indeterminate Advantages to indeterminate growth: larger size yields greater efficiency larger size yields more food options • faster swimming • larger gape size • better sensory range & acuity Fish growth is indeterminate Advantages to indeterminate growth: larger size yields greater efficiency larger size yields more food options larger size reduces number of potential predators • swimming speed • gape size