A Level Sport and Physical Education
Motor Programmes
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.1
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
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Understand the make up of a motor programme
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Describe motor programmes through the use of practical examples
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Demonstrate How Open and Closed Loop Theory explains how skills are
controlled

Understand SCHEMA theory and compare it to Open and Closed Loop
theory
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MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES
MOTOR PROGRAMME or EXECUTIVE MOTOR PROGRAMME
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IS A PLAN of the whole skill or pattern of movement
defined as a set of movements stored as a whole in the long-term memory
contains all the information required to make a movement :
– which muscles to use
– the order in which muscles are used
– the phasing and degree of contraction of muscles
enables a skill to be performed
can be made up of a large number of subroutines
must be adaptable so that it can be altered when the environment / surroundings
change
SUBROUTINES
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component parts of an executive programme
structured in layers
– some subroutines can be in turn broken down into further subroutines which form
smaller parts of a skill
which when fully learned can be performed automatically
without conscious control
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MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES
STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A DISCUS THROW
EXECUTIVE
PROGRAMME
DISCUS THROW
initial
stance
preliminary
swings
transition
into turn
turn
power
position
feet / leg
action
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throwing
action
trunk
action
recovery
SUBROUTINES
arm
action
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MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES
STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A
TENNIS SERVE
EXECUTIVE
PROGRAMME
TENNIS SERVE
grip
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stance
throw
swing
weight
transfer
feet / leg
action
strike
trunk
action
SUBROUTINES
arm
action
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MOTOR CONTROL
OPEN LOOP CONTROL
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this applies to executive programmes whose subroutines are simple and
well-learned
and are automatic (no conscious thought is necessary)
they are then completed rapidly without time for feedback
and apply to closed and self-paced skills
examples :
– tennis serve
– discus throw
MOTOR CONTROL
MECHANISM
MOVEMENT
MOTOR COMMANDS
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MOTOR CONTROL
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
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this applies to ongoing movements
in which only part of the information necessary to complete a movement is
sent to effector organs (neuromuscular system)
the remaining information is sent following feedback via kinaesthesis
information about balance and body position can be used to change these
factors during a movement
examples :
– riding a bike
– performing a gymnastic move
– performing a complex dive
KINAESTHETIC
FEEDBACK
MOTOR CONTROL
MECHANISM
MOVEMENT
MOTOR COMMANDS
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SCHEMA (SCHMIDT’s THEORY)
• SCHEMA:
IS A BUILD UP OF EXPERIENCES, which can be adapted and used
to meet the demands of new situations.
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It explains how sports performers can undertake so many actions with very little
conscious control
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The bigger the schema the more efficient the movement
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Large amounts of varied practice are needed to improve a schema
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Feedback is very important to correct and update a schema
CAN YOU DESCRIBE ANY SCHEMA’S YOU HAVE
BUILT UP FOR YOUR SPORT?
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SCHEMA
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a schema is the information about :
– where the performer is (knowledge of the environment)
– what the performer has to do to perform successfully (response
specifications)
– what a movement feels like (sensory consequences)
– what happens when the performer responds (response outcomes)
which is stored and used to update a motor programme when used next
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RECALL SCHEMA
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this is all the information needed to start a relevant movement
the knowledge of the environment (initial conditions)
– playing conditions (pitch, playing surface, weather)
– positions of team mates and opposition
– condition of equipment (kit, bike, car)
the response specifications (the correct technical model)
– speed and force required
– size and shape of movement required
– techniques and styles used
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SCHEMA
RECOGNITION SCHEMA
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information needed to correct errors and remember correct performance
information about evaluating the response
• sensory consequences (knowledge of performance)
– the feeling and look of the performance
• response outcomes
(movement outcomes)
– the results of performance
– knowledge of results (how far / fast / many)
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used when there is enough time to process feedback
or for evaluating performance
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