Organ Systems
ST 110
Chapter 4
Objectives
• Describe the various organ systems of the
body
• Describe the concept of homeostasis and
it’s importance to your health
• Compare and contrast negative and
positive feedback
• Discuss organ replacement, problems
versus solutions
Introduction
• Organ – a collection of two or more different
•
•
tissues, organized to perform a specific function
Organ System – a collection of various organs
organized to perform a specific function not
capable of a single organ
Eleven organ systems:
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Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Introduction
• Organ Systems
– Endocrine System
– Circulatory System
• Cardiovascular System
• Lymphatic System
• Immune System
– Respiratory System
– Digestive System
– Excretory (Urinary) System
– Reproductive System
Integumentary System
• Components
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–
–
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Skin
Hair
Nails
Suderiferous (sweat)
glands
– Sebaceous glands
• Functions
– Protection
– Helps regulate body
temperature
– Houses sensory receptors
Skeletal System
• Components
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–
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Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Cartilage
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Support and protection
Attachment point for muscles
As a rigid framework for movement
Produces blood cells
Stores inorganic salts
• Functions
Muscular System
• Components
– Muscles
– Tendons
• Functions
– Locomotion
– Internal movement
– Heat generation
Nervous System
• Components
– Brain
– Spinal Cord
– Associated Nerves
• Functions
– Communication and
coordination of function
between body parts
– Memory
– Learning
– Conscious thought
Endocrine System
• Components
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Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid
Testes
Ovaries
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
• Function
– Regulate body
metabolism, growth,
and reproduction
Circulatory System:
Lymphatic System
Immune System
• Components
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–
–
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Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Red bone marrow
• Function
– Transportation
– Protection
Circulatory System:
Cardiovascular System
• Components
– Heart
– Arteries
– Veins
– Capillaries
– Blood
• Function
– Transportation
Respiratory System
• Components
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Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
• Function
– As a reservoir for
oxygen/carbon dioxide gas
exchange
– Helps regulate acid/base
balance
Digestive System
• Components
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Mouth
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary Glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
• Function
– Introduce, breakdown, and
absorb nutrients
– Eliminate waste
Excretory
(Urinary) System
• Components
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–
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Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
• Function
– Eliminate waste products
from the blood
– Help regulate
fluid/electrolyte balance
Reproductive System
• Components
– Male
• Scrotum
• Testes
• Penis
• Epididymides
• Ductus (vas) deferens
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral Glands
• Urethra
• Components
– Female
• Ovaries
• Uterine (fallopian)
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•
•
•
tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Mammary Glands
Reproductive System
• Function –
perpetuation of the
species
Homeostasis
• Ability to maintain a
•
relatively constant
internal environment.
Regulated and
maintained by the
integration of the
organ systems of the
body
• Conditions monitored
– O2/CO2 concentration
– pH
– nutrient/waste
concentration
– Electrolyte
concentration
– Extracellular fluid
volume and pressure
Feedback Systems
• Means by which the body maintains
homeostasis
• Two types
– Negative feedback
• Most often used
• Acts to reverse change in the internal environment
– Positive feedback
• Acts to accelerate or increase change in the
internal environment
Organ Replacement
• Approximately 8 million transplant operations
•
•
•
are performed annually
Artificial organs – only a temporary fix
Xenograft organs – temporary measure
Advances to increase organ availability
– Expansion of acceptable donor criteria
– Improved organ preservation during transport
– Procedures that allow for implantation of a partial
organ
– Advances in genetic engineering, stem cell biology,
and tissue engineering