Analogies
Another way to show relationships
in writing!!!
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What are analogies?
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Analogies develop logic by analyzing two words to
identify the relationship between them
Analogies match pairs of words with the same
relationship
:
::
:
“An apple is to the color red as an orange is to the color
orange.”
How do you read/write analogies?
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FIND : LOCATE :: lose : misplace
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Colon stands for the phrase
“is related to”
 FIND [is related to] LOCATE::LOSE [is related to]
MISPLACE
 Double colon (::) stands for
“in the same way that”
 Read it as: FIND is to LOCATE as lose is to misplace.
Ask Yourself:
What is the relationship between the words “find” and “locate”?
How is it similar to the relationship between the words “lose”
and “misplace?”
Analogies show relationship

Analogies can show many relationships. These relationships
are divided into the following categories:
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Synonym/Antonym
Part of the Whole
Characteristic/Quality
Classification
Cause/Effect
Function
Location
Degree
Performer/Related Object
Performer/Related Action
Action/Related Object
Synonym/Antonym
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Synonyms: Words that have similar meanings
What’s the relationship?
DRY : ARID :: lost : mislaid

Both words have similar meanings so this relationship is a
synonym.
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Antonyms: Words that have opposite meanings

What’s the relationship?

KIND : CRUEL :: happy : sad
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Both words have opposite meanings, so their relationship is an
antonym
Part and Whole

Words are related because one is a part of
another
 What’s the relationship?

CHAPTER : BOOK :: fender : automobile
 A chapter is a part of a book just as a fender is a
part of an automobile.
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What’s the relationship?
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POEM : STANZA :: play : acts
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It’s still Part and Whole, but this time the
whole comes first.
Characteristic/Quality
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Words are related based on similar characteristics or qualities
What’s the relationship?
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MIRROR : SMOOTH :: sandpaper : rough
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Mirrors are characteristically smooth just as sandpaper is
characteristically rough.
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Let’s try some….
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Summer: hot:: winter: __?___
Floor: hard:: pillow: ________
Amber: blonde:: Erica: _______
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Classification
Relates words based on how they are
classified/categorized
 What’s the relationship?
 POLKA : DANCE :: frog : amphibian
BIRD : CARDINAL :: house : igloo

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A polka may be classified as a dance; a
cardinal is classified as a bird.
Cause/Effect
Relationship is based off of how one
thing impacts another
 What’s the relationship?

 GIFT
: JOY :: rain : flood
TEARS : SADNESS :: smiles : joy
A
gift can cause joy; tears are an
effect of sadness.
Function
Relationship is based on the way
something operates or is used
 Can also be called “purpose” analogies
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What’s the relationship?
 KNIFE
 The
: CUT :: shovel : dig
function of a knife is to cut.
Location
Relationship is based on where
something is found/located
 What’s the relationship?

 FISH
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: SEA :: moose : forest
A fish can be found in the sea, just as a
moose can be found in a forest.
Degree
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Relationship is based on the degree or intensity to
which something goes or is done
 What’s
the relationship?
 CHUCKLE : LAUGH :: whimper :
cry
 These
words differ in degree. One is
more intense than the other.
Performer/Object
Relationship is based on how a person
uses or relates to an object
 What’s the relationship?
 CASHIER : CASH :: plumber : pipe
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A cashier works with cash, just as a
plumber works with pipes.
Performer/Action
This relationship is based on how a
person relates to or performs an action.
 What’s the relationship?
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 AUTHOR
 You
: WRITE :: chef : cook
expect an author to write, just as
you expect a chef to cook.
Action/Object
How an action is related to an object;
how an object is used in an action
 What’s the relationship?
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BOIL : EGG :: throw : ball
 You
boil an egg, just as you throw a
ball. (In these items, the object always
receives the action.)
Now you try it!
Your job:
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Choose one TYPE of analogy (part/whole, synonym/antonym,
performer/object, etc) to study more closely
Come up with YOUR OWN analogy set that matches the type of
analogy you have chosen. (Ex – part/whole = The Deathly
Hallows : The Harry Potter Series :: Catching Fire : The Hunger
Games Series)
Using blank paper, art supplies, magazines, and your own
creativity, write out your analogy set and ILLUSTRATE IT by
drawing each part of the analogy or finding pictures in magazines.
When you’re done, LABEL the type of analogy and provide the
definition of that analogy type
** SEE THE EXAMPLE ON THE NEXT SLIDE!!
Example
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Part to Whole: words are related to one another
because one is a part of the other
APPLE :
THE COLOR RED :: AN ORANGE : THE COLOR ORANGE
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::
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