KIN 166
NOV 5, 2009

Closed-loop theory within the context of motor learning refers to a concept of engaging in a movement and receiving immediate feedback on its performance. The intention to act is described as a conscious movement based on a cognitive motor plan. One commands the intended movement by incorporating an appropriate motor program. An observable movement then occurs and error detection is assessed based on one’s motor pattern or form. A perceptual trace is made of the error in movement and then compared to the memory trace of the criterion or movement standard. Immediate feedback of the comparison then guides the continual, conscious adjustment of muscle movements. The feedback provides the closed loop which continues as the performance of the movement is continually compared to the standard. In this way, steady improvement of movement performance occurs with an imbued sense of proprioceptive awareness. Closed-loop motor control allows for precise, novel movements but the movements take time (continual repetitious practice) and require full attention.
One classic example of a closed-loop system involves threading a needle. One views the needle and then looks at the thread. The thread is moved toward the needle. As this occurs, there must be continuous viewing of the thread and then the needle to guide and correct the movement. This process occurs over and over until the thread is through the needle. In this example, the standard is threading the needle. Continual conscious movement to thread the needle is performed and misses (errors) occur (notwithstanding luck on a first attempt). Each error provides the perceptual trace which is compared to the memory trace of the threaded needle. Immediate feedback of a missed threading of the needle guides one’s movement until the needle is successfully threaded.