Advances in Agriculture
Crop Rotation – rotate crops properly to use all fields
Urbanization – movement from rural to urban areas
Enclosure movement – landowners buy enclosed land
Seed Drill – Jethro Tull invented this to push seed to the
ground
Natural Resources Vs. Factors of Productions
Natural Resources:
river (in land transporation) , coals (for fuels), iron (to
construct machinery, tools), harbors (for merchant ships)
Factors of Production:
political stability, resources: land labor, capital
Major Inventions (Textiles)
Flying Shuttle – doubled work in a day for weaving
Spinning Jenny – spinning frame sped up spinning thread
(John Kay)
Cotton Gin – multiplied the amount of gin to be cleansed
(Eli Whitney)
Major Inventions (Transportation)
Steam Engine – was used to mine, performs mechanical
work using steam
“macadam” roads – roadbeds with large stones for
drainage(John McAdam)
Locomotive – steam engine on wheels
Rocket – one the first locomotives
Liverpool and Manchester Railroad – first railway for
steam engines
Living Conditions during Industrial Revolution
Disadvantages
1 bedroom/family; toilet/20 families
unpaved streets
no sanitary codes or garbage collections
Cholera Epidemics – from polluted water
Improvements
heated homes (coal)
better clothing
Life Expectancy:
urban areas – 17 years average
rural areas – 38 years average
Working Conditions during Industrial Revolution
factories kept machines running
men, women, and kids worked an average of 14 hours, 6
days
poor lighting and dirty
Social Classes (Upper, Middle, Working)
Middle
-factory owners, businessmen, skilled workers
made a lot of money during Industrialization
American Industrialists
Samuel Slater – brought factories and the industrial
revolution to the United States
Francis Cabot Lowell – mechanized every stage in the
manufaction of clothing
Henry Ford – makes automobiles affordable, created the
assembly line; (Model T)
Thomas Edison – lightbulbs
Bell and Macrone – telephone and first radio in morse code
Henry Bessemer – created Bessemer Converted that
converts iron into steel
Three Artistic Movements
Romanticism – art focused on nature and emotions,
including the beauty of nature and glorified heroes
Realism – showed working class life as it is
Impressionism – a more positive view of Industrialization
and urban living
Economic Reforms
Capitalism – investments in business with the goal of
making profit (Adam Smith “laissez faire” [leave it
alone],Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo)
Social Darwinism – challenged religious ideas of creation,
natural selection applied to human society (Charles
Darwin)
Utilitarianism – the greatest good for the greatest number
of people (John Stuart Mills)
Utopianism – belief in a perfect, ideal place (Robert Owen)
Socialism – factors of production are owned by the public
and open for the welfare of all (Charles Fourier and Saint
Simon)
Communism – a classless society with products distributed
equally among the people “Haves and Have-nots” (Karl
Marx)
Unions and Reform Laws
Labor Unions – fight for changes of working conditions
collective bargaining – workers and employers negotiate
wages and working conditions
strike – refusal to work
Factory Act – reformed child labor, illegal to hire children
under 9
9-12 : less than 8 hours
12-17 : less than 12 hours
Mine Act – women and children cannot work in the mines
Ten Hours Act – women and children work at max 10
hours
Positive and Negative effects of Industrialization
Positive:
-wealthier
-new inventions
-healthier diets
-cheaper clothing
-provided hope for Improvement and progress
Negative:
-factory system and urbanization led to poor working and
living conditions
-introduced a variety of problems