Final Study Guide
Spring 2013
The Cell and Mitosis
Explain what factors limit cell size, and why
Explain why cells divide
Explain why DNA must replicate before cells divide.
Define the Cell Cycle
Summarize the cell activities happening during Interphase
Summarize the cell activities happening during the stages of Mitosis and the result
Identify pictures of cells in each stage of Mitosis.
Explain Cytokinesis and describe how it is different in plant & animal cells.
Distinguish between events of a normal cell cycle and abnormal events that result in cancer.
List some of the causes of cancer.
Differentiate between stem cell types and their applications.
Meiosis and Basic Genetics
Compare diploid (2n) and haploid (n) cells.
Describe homologous chromosomes.
Define gamete, sperm, egg and zygote.
Explain sexual reproduction, and why it has an evolutionary advantage.
Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis. What is the outcome of both processes?
Identify the stages of meiosis. Diagram each, and explain what happens during each stage.
Explain the importance of genetic recombination and variation.
Describe how crossing over provides genetic variation.
Define heredity, genetics, traits, fertilization and pollination
Explain a monohybrid cross.
Interpret Mendel’s Rule of Dominance.
Interpret Mendel’s Law of Segregation.
Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype; homozygous and heterozygous.
Demonstrate the ability to set up and do Punnett Square Problems.
Demonstrate the ability to figure probability percents and ratios for Punnett Square problems.
Interpret Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.
Describe incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple allele and demonstrate the ability to do the Punnett
Squares.
Describe polygenic inheritance.
Identify examples of internal and external environmental influences on the expression of genes.
DNA Structure, Replication and Discovery
Explain Griffith’s and Avery’s, Hershey and Chase, Chargaff’s, Rosalind Franklin, and Watson and Crick
contributions to the understanding of DNA
Explain the structure of DNA
Explain how the chromosomes in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes differ.
Explain why DNA must replicate.
Identify when DNA replication takes place.
Put the steps involved in DNA Replication in order and explain what occurs during each step.
Explain the purpose of the enzyme DNA Polymerase
DNARNAPrtoein
Identify some of the functions of proteins in living cells.
Explain how DNA codes for protein.
Give an example of how we know that the genetic code A,T,G,C, is universal to all living things.
Compare and Contrast RNA and DNA.
Describe the steps in the process of Transcribing DNA into mRNA.
Identify the 3 types of RNA.
Describe the steps in the process of Translating mRNA into a protein.
Define Mutation.
Explain how a point mutation and a frame shift mutation occurs and give a common example.
Describe the results of: Trisomy Triploidy Monosomy
List the causes of mutations.
Human Genetics
Demonstrate the ability to interpret and construct a pedigree.
Descsribe Multiple Allelic Inheritance in Humans.
Define: autosome and sex chromosome and give examples.
Identify the genotype of female and male
Explain which parent determines the sex of the offspring and demonstrate the ability
to prove this by using the Punnett Square.
Describe Simple Mendelian Inheritance of Human Traits.
Give examples of Dominant Autosomal Inheritance in Humans.
Give examples of Recessive Autosomal Inheritance in Humans.
Give examples of Codominant autosomal Inheritance in Humans
Describe sex-linked inheritance and demonstrate the ability to do the Punnett Squares.
Explain why X-linked disorders occur more frequently in males.
Give examples of human monosomies and trisomies.
Biotechnology and the New Genetics
Explain how and why scientists look for the nucleotide sequence of genes.
Describe the purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Explain what a transgenic organism is and identify their uses.
Explain cloning.
Differentiate between therapeutic and reproductive cloning.
Describe the lac operon and how it is a model of genetic control.
Differentiate between embryonic tissue layers and structures that develop from them.
Define epigenetics and relate it to development.
Evolution
Describe the four tenets of natural selection.
Describe what evidence led Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace to develop the theory of evolution
Cite pieces of evidence of evolution
Describe how a cladogram is made
Describe what is meant by common ancestor and how it relates to natural selection
Explain different forms of natural selection and how fitness drives selection
Final Eligible Tests:
Cell Test
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Stem Cells and Meiosis
Genetics
DNA Replication/Structure and Discovery
DNARNAProtein
Human Genetics
New:Evolution