APHG CH 3: Migration
Population Changes from the
Movement of People from
Place to Place
1
Geogra phers look at Why & Where People Migrate:
Migration: Permanent movt. of ppl across space,
from 1 place to another
Can be to another country, another city, another continent
Geographers look at where ppl move from & to
Emigration: move from a place; Immigration: move to a
place
Net migration = difference betwn the 2
More coming in: net in-migration;
More out, net out-migration
Mobility: how we move…. & migration is 1 kind of this
Another is circulation: daily, monthly, yearly,
seasonal
Activity space: Area ppl wk & live in...(see lightning rds)
• ** Give EX: for each of these 4
2
BIG geography question: WHY ppl migrate… b/c it
causes big changes in cultures & economies in
various regions
New transportation technology means scale of
movement (whether circulation or migration) is much
larger now
Relocation diffusion much faster, both culture &
econ.
Place is big part of this diffusion…in global econ.,
people can move to a place & still earn living (EX?)
May move to reunite w/ others who have moved
before (Chain migration)
Though migration = type of relocation diffusion, can
come about b/c of expansion diffusion
3
(Remember 3 types 3? See pp. 30-1)
KEY ISSUE 1 (p.73): Why ppl migrate:
**Who was "Ravenstein"? (reasons, distance,
characteristics) & 11 laws of migration?
A) Why ppl migrate: (Ravenstein’s laws)
-push factors: force or encourage people to leave
where they live
-pull factors: influence ppl to come to a new place
--sometimes is 1 or the other…sometimes both
3 major kinds of push/pull factors: economic,
cultural, environmental
BUT…often hard to say which it is main cause
4
1) Economic push & pull factors: often if
seem to have no jobs in 1 place, will move
to where seem to have jobs
-can be country to country or region to
region in same nation
Econ. push & pull: can be job specific:
natural resources (miners/engineers) &
pop. growth EX?
-this was pull for Europeans to
US/Canada in 19th cent.-early 20th
Also later in 20th, Asians then Latinos;
In Scotland: found oil = immigration 5
Economic
migration:
Scene from
Steinbeck’s
The Grapes
of Wrath
The Dust
Bowl in the
1930s led to
forced
migration
from the
Great Plains
to California
& elsewhere:
Pushed out
from __?_
Pulled to_?_
6
2) Cultural push/pull: can be forced or voluntary
2 main forced cultural:
1) slavery 2) polit. Instability: refugees
refugees: people forced to leave b/c of persecution
--based on race, relig., nationality, social group
member, or polit. opinion
-usually from wars & “polit. Instability”
Refugees have no home until a country says can stay
…or their former country change
17 (?) mill. ( international, internal/interregional)
-largest international refugee groups = Palestinians,
Iraq & Afghans…
-largest internal: Sudan (Darfur), Colombia
-also, Congo, Uganda
NOTE: International ALSO known as TRANSnational
7
Refugees: Sources & destinations:
Major source & destination areas of both international
8
& internal refugees.
Political aspects can also be pull factors if move b/c
want freedoms, etc (but other side…avoiding harsh..?)
EX: Communists closed border of E. Berlin b/c of
"brain drain“ by defection to W. Berlin (democratic govt.)
& created Berlin Wall…
Iron Curtain: an invisible barrier (separating communist
regions from democratic regions…term came from Churchill)
Now communism is gone, but is still some economic
push/pull at work from E  W Eur.
3) Environmental push/pull: pull to attractive regions or
pushed from hazardous ones..
--b/c of communic. now, can live in remote attrac. regions
& still have access to jobs, shopping, entertainment…
EX’s?
-Water?
*pp. 84-85… list EX: of push/pull from environments
9
Hurricane Katrina Migrants
A major natural disaster represents
an environmental push factor for
forced migration.
10
4) Intervening obstacles:
try to go 1 place…can't get there…so go another
place…or way
In past was usually environmental
(EX?)
-transport. changed that & now more often it’s gov'ts.
& politics
ADD:
***Intervening opportunity: When on your way to
migrate to new region, find an even better place
(opportunity) and decide to stay there and not move on…)
B) Distance of migration:
Ravenstein's 2 main points RE: this:
1) internal 2) international (aka transnational)
*2 types of internal migration 
11
Internal migration:
a permanent move w/in same country
Most migrants relocate short distance & stay in same
country
Usually easier, plus have less "culture shock” b/c
keep same culture
2 types of internal migr.:
a) interregional (from 1 region to another) EX?
-typically from farm to city (now sometimes to
attractive rural areas)
b) intraregional (move but stay w/in same region):
most often is from older areas to newer suburbs
areas
2) International migration: 2 types: voluntary (usually
economic push/pull) & forced (usually cultural)
12
Zelinsky: Which demographic transition countries
(Stgs. 1, 2, 3, 4?) migrate & to where?
…says the stage of demographic transition affects
migration patterns b/c is migr. results from social &
econ. changes that produced demographic trans.
Stage 1: not likely to migrate…though has daily or
seasonal mobility; too poor, too isolated
Stage 2: Are likely: CDR down, NIR up… plus techn.
increases so usually see international…but also see
some interregional, especially to cities from farms
Stages 3 & 4: If migrate, usually is internal…
-often cities to suburbs (suburb to city??)
**Stg. 2 migrants usually migrate to stg 3 & 4
WHY?
13
Global Migration Patterns
The major
flows of
migration
are from
less
developed
To more
developed
countries.
14
Middle East
(aka ___ Asia?)
w/o Israel
indicated
Note Bahrain
15
Region
of &
around
Israel
Note
Port
Said
(Suez
Canal) &
Gulf of
Suez
16
C) Characteristics of migrants: Ravenstein:
most male--& adult individuals, & not w/ kids
1) gender of migrants: used to be most males b/c males
worked outside homes
-in 19th & much of 20th cent. = 54% males
Reversed since 1990's, & now = about 54% female
especially true of "undocumented" (?) Mex., the
largest US immigrant grp.
In '80's, 85% = male;
since '90's,
women = about 50%
Shows change in Mex.
pop.: more women
come for jobs
17
2) Family status of migrants: According to Ravenstein:
Long-distance migrants are mostly young adults, not kids
or older people (p.78) especially in the past..
But # of kids immigr. to US now increasing
-Most US migrants have less education. than US ppl, but
usually more educa. than avg in their country… why?
*Mex. immg. shows migra. transition AND distance-decay
Most of Mex. to USA settle in US border states
-Come from various parts of Mex, espec. interior
Most work in agri. or clothing factories
***Most of Mexican migrants USED to work seasonally:
Autumn  US …. spring  Mex.
-often = main income for families (live on credit till return)
NOW… More likely to bring families and stay…
**Why do some US employers prefer to hire undoc.’s instead
18
of to those in w/ permission?
K - 2: Where are migrants distributed …Globally & in USA?
About __?__% of the world's pop. are migrants-(live in countries not born in)
A) Global migration patterns:
3 Areas w/ "net out-migration" (p. 78) A__ A___ L_A__
3 Areas w/ net in-migration: E__
N__ A__
O__
There’s some migra. from _____ to N. Amer. (E.E?)
Migr.: usually from LDC's to MDC's…from stg 2 to stg 3 or 4
-40 mill. ppl in US born in other countries today (10th Ed.)
-50% born in Lat. Am., 25% Asia, 25% Europe
-most of Lat. Am. from Mex.
Countries w/ the most immigr.: US, Austr., Canada, France,
Germany, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, & U.K.
But some countries have higher % of pop. as immigr.:
USA = 12% Canada=18% UK & Germ.=6%
Austral. 25%
19
New York Harbor & Ellis Island:
Ellis Island is connected to New Jersey by bridge.
Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty are south of Ellis
Island. (gifted 1885…dedicated 1886)
20
Ellis Island:
Control of immigration given to to the
Federal Govt. 1890. Congress appropriated $75,000 to build
the 1st Federal immigration station
21
Map to go with Power
of Place #21:
Population Geography:
US/Mexican Migration
&
22 in
Population Patterns
Highest %: in Mid-East (about 50% immigr.!!)
EX: United Arb. Emir.=74+% Kuwait 68+%
-main reason is oil (petroleum) industry b/c Arabs
won't
do the “dirty & dangerous” oil work
B) Immigration to USA: US = 3rd highest pop. &
most are descended from immigrants …since
1820, 75 mill.
3 main eras of US immigr.:
Colonial Period
Mid-1800's-1914
1970 now
23
1) Europ. immigration to US (mid-19th cent.
to about 1914):
40 mill. Eur. came to US…
-about 24 mil. others to Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, southern Afri., & southern South Amer.
Germany: most Eur. immigr. to USA (7.2 mil)
Italy=5.4 mil
UK = 5.3 mil
Ireland=4.8 mil
Russia/former USSR = 4.1 mil
NOTE:
Germany #’s hi b/c of Poland was once included
Were THREE peaks of EUROPEAN migration 
24
1st peak of Eur immigr.: 1607-1850's:
At 1st, 90% from Great Brit., thru 1840… (4.3 mill.)
1840-1860 most = N. & W. Eur., including Ireland (?) & Germ.
2nd peak of Eur. Imm.: few in 1860's (why?); up in 1870's
-1880's: peaked (1/2 mill.+ per year)
-still N & W Eur. ……mostly German & Irish…
Then Norway & Sweden got Industri. Rev. …& pop. up, so
Scandinavian USA #'s up
Fewer farms at home…moved to get farmland or city jobs
ESPECIALLY around Great Lakes
3rd peak of Eur. immgr.: 1890's thru about 1914
Almost 1 mill. per year!!
1907 = 1.3 mill.
Most E. + S. Eur: Italy, Russ., Romania, Austria-Hungary
-Indus. Rev. diffused, …CDR down, CBR up, NIR up
…ppl looking for jobs
In 1910, 14% of US pop. had at least 1 foreign-born parent
In N-E, Michigan, Montana immigr. were 20% of pop. 25
Immigrants
to the US
26
2) Impact of Eurp. immig.: Eur. imm. declined since 1914
(10% of US immigr. Euro. since 1980)
a) Eur. demographic transition: After 1800, rapid pop.
growth = emigration out of Eur.
CDR down; technology up; pop. up, opportunity down
Food production not efficient b/c of split-up family farms
To fix: "the enclosure movement”: many pushed off family
farms…forced to sell
-could go to cities & work factories…or move for farmland
MANY Eur. countries forced small farms together…forced ppl
off farms (in Engl called "the enclosure movement” )
-many came to US (also Austral., Canada, etc) b/c lots of
farmland
*USA was Eur.'s "safety valve": Over-pop. drained to US
Now Eur. at Stg. 4, so have low NIR & can meet needs of
27
their own pop. ….so less need to migrate
b) Diffusion of European culture: 60 mill. Europeans
migrating brought world-wide culture changes
-50% of world's ppl speak Indo-Europ. languages
-Christianity now largest single religion
-Eur. art, literature, music, philosophy, & ethics became
recognized world-wide…more acceptance
-Eur. political systems & econ. systems also diffused
Problems from Eur.:
Boundaries made w/o concern for local ethnic grps &
customs later became big trouble (like WWI)
Also forced new values & political domination on colonies,
especially Asian & African areas
Eur. also used resources of those countries
-the wealth  back to the colonial power, not build econ. of
dominated colonies
This policy is known as imperialism (“empires”)
28
3) Recent immigration from LD regions: 1930's-40's: immigr.
down in USA (Great Depression…then WWII)
US: more emigration than immigr. …so = __ ?__
1950’s: immigr. up again…. & more in '60-70's
Huge #’s in '80's & '90‘s--highest ever (mostly Asia/Lat.Am)
Asian steadily up…but Lat. Amer. fluctuates…
a) Immigration from Asia: 1800-1950 only 1 mill. total to US
-mostly Chinese, Turkish, & Japanese immigr.
-since 1975, about 7 mill. from Asia…in late '70's thru '80's,
Asia = #1 in immigr. to USA (Vietnam?)
-in '90's, top 3 from Asia were China, Philippines, &
Vietnam (50%+)
Thru 20th cent., most Asians to US from China (includes
Taiwan) & India… (2 most pop. countries, Both Stg. 2)
Canada: 40%+ of immigr. are Asians; but they get more
Eur. than US…& less Latin Amer. (what theory?)
29
 per capita, Canada: 50% more immigr. than US
b) Immigration from Latin Amer.:
From 1820-1960, about 2 mill. came from Latin Amer.
1960-2000: were 10 mill.
In 1980, Mex. passed Germany as country that sent most
immigr. to US: so far 9-11 mil.,…& 100,000 per yr.
In 1990's from Lat. Am.:
2nd highest = El Salvador (war); 3rd = Cuba; 4th = Haiti
-1986: Immigra. Reform & Control Act (R. Regan): visas
given to several hundred thousand undoc. immigr. who'd
come in yrs. b4 (amnesty)
#'s went up in 1990: 1.5 mill.;
1991: 1.8 mill in 1 year…most ever
So….US immigr.= N+W Eur  S+E Eur  Asian  Lat. Am.
But reason why = same: poor home conditions
hope for econ. opportunity & social advancement in US
Lat. Amer. most now in stage 2…but US no longer wide open
Land growing scarce & "frontier" that was open to all b4 is
30
now closed
Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Migration in 2006. The largest #’s of Asian migrants
come from India, China, the Philippines, & Vietnam.
31
Migration from Latin America to U.S.
Mexico:
the largest
source of
migrants to
the
U.S.,
But migrants
have
also come
from
numerous
other
Latin
American
nations.
32
Undocumented
Immigration:
Mexico to
Arizona
The complex
route of one
group of
undocumented
migrants from a
small village
north of Mexico
City to Phoenix,
Arizona.
33
Undocumented
Immigrants in
the US
California,
Texas, & Florida
are the leading
destinations for
undocumented
immigrants to
the U.S.
34
U.S. Mexico
Border
at Tijuana
The U.S. side
of the border
is
uninhabited
and
separated
from Mexico
by a fence
35
4) Destination of immigrants w/in US: which go where??
Tend to be clustered: (these are internat’l. migrants)
-about 1/4 in Calif.
-1/4 in NY/NJ
-about 1/4 in Tex/Fla/Illinois -last 1/4 in other 44 states
Immigr. used to come by water…….now land & air
-from Mex. Go mostly to Calif/Tex/Illin
-from Carib.: go to NY/Fla.
-Asians … go mostly to Calif./NY …
- E. Europ. ….to NY & Illinois
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 things influence where to go:
a) -proximity can influence: EX: = Mex. to Tex/Calif (d.d?)
b) –going to same culture: others go where is large
settlements of ppl. from their own countries…i.e., Iranians
to Calif., Poles to Illin.
This = chain migration: settling in place b/c of large # of36
others of your culture there (EX: Italians  NY, etc.)
5) Undocumented immigration to US:
Those coming w/o permission (illegally); no sure #’s
-US may have 11-12 mill undoc. immigr.
According to I.N.S. (?): most Mex. (about 5 mill)
-Next: other Lat. Amer. ( about 2 mil.)
-About 2 mill. from rest of world (Asia, Eur., Can., &
other places)
But most from Mex. …& they want to work, but have no
visas (?) (What are “aliens?”)
About 1/2 of undoc.'s come legally (students, tourists)
-stay after permission expires other slip over borders
Once here, get fake "documents" (birth certif., alien
registra. card, SSN = $25)…
When caught INS escorts them back…and most not
prosecuted b/c of time/$$--& many come right back
37
1986 IRCA (?? P. ) tried to help curb this, but many who
qualified would not come forward b/c feared INS (La Migra)
-IRCA also made it crime for employers to hire undoc's
Now can be fined or imprisoned if they hire undoc’s
Employers are required to verify their workers
a) Crossing US-Mex border “fence”:
It’s easy …b/c broken in many places …(often harder to get
to the border than get across it)
Do have guards, but not enough…
Coyote (aka polleo) : “people smugglers” who bring them in
-entire trip can cost several hundred $$
Maquiladoras: US industries on Mex. Side of border that
have close location to US markets, but use cheap labor of
Mex.
Why we need to control undoc‘s?
Can hurt unemployment rate
Increases needed human services (schools, kids med’s.,
etc.) often w/o paying taxes
38
Why can undoc's be helpful?
Often do jobs others won't
Migration to U.S., by region of origin
Most migrants to U.S. were from Europe until the ’60’s.
Since then, Latin Am. & Asia have become the main
sources of U.S. immigrants.
39
Net Migration (per population)
Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest
number of immigrants, but other developed countries also
40
have relatively large numbers.
U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations :
California is the destination of about 25% of all US
immigrants; another 25% go to NY & NJ.
Other important destinations include FL, TX., & Illinois. 41
K-3: WHY Migrants Face Obstacles:
A) Controlling Immigr.:
Policies of host countries:
1) USA: US quota laws: 1921: 1st US restrictions of
immigr.
Quota Act ('21)
&
National Origins Act ('24)
Purpose: restrict Asians coming in to W. coast
(Chin./Japan.)
Q-A set # of ppl from each country allowed in w/in 1 yr.
-# based on % of people already here, so it favored
Europ. (especially N & W, not E & S: 1890 was
“line”)
These laws were made to keep "other types" out
-’20’s: W. Coast began to fear the "yellow peril"…large
# of Asians into Pacific Coast area...
West Coast laws were passed to also restrict land
ownership of Asian immigrants
….but not European immigr.
42
Laws stayed same …until 1965 
1965 Immigration Act passed which had no country
quotas, but set quotas by hemisphere:
170,000 E. & 120,000 W.
1978: global quota (290,000), w/ max. of 20,000 per country
1990 Immigra. Act: # up to 500,000 global quota.
Preferences w/in these #'s:
-if have family here …get some preference (chain migr.?)
-skilled workers & talented professionals get certain # of
visas
-also some for those from countries w/o many US immigr.
Asians use system well….
-get in w/ profession, then bring family 1 by 1
Some are poor & trying to get ahead…..but most are young
professionals…
-MD's, PhD's, researchers, etc who see US as better
chance for advancement
43
Other countries resent this & say these US preferences
cause "brain drain" of their best & brightest ppl
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10/us/20090310-immigration-explorer.html
(2) Temporary migration for work:
guest workers vs. time-contract workers:
Many, esp. W. Eur. & Mid-East, use guest workers
as temporary workers
Most of Asia uses time-contract workers
In Eur. most g-w have govt. protections: min.
wage, etc
Guest-wkrs. can be as high as 10% of pop. (Switz.
& Luxembourg)
They do low status, low skill jobs others won't...
-garbage collectors, dishwashers, bus drivers,44etc.
Advantages for guest-worker's home country:
--Lowers unemploy. Rates
--$$ sent home by workers stimulates local
economies
UK: when gave up colonies, said those could
choose UK or home citizenship…but
couldn't bring families later
Most EUR. guest workers from N. Afr., MidEast, E. Eur., Asia
Countries often favors those from former
colonies
EX’s: France: Algiers & Morocco
45
UK: India, Jamaica, etc
Guest Workers
in Europe
Guest workers
emigrate mainly
from E. Europe
& North Africa
to work in
the wealthier
countries of
W. Europe.
NOTE: ADD term!
Counter-migration:
Deportation of
illegal immigrants
46
Turkish
Kebab
Stand in
Germany
47
-----------------------
3) Time-contract workers:
Japanese, Filipinos, Indians, etc.,to various colonies,
etc., needing workers in mines, plantations, etc
…stayed there after contract’s up
Western US: Chinese (late 1860's) for RR
construction
About 29 million Chinese now live in places other
than China
EX: Singapore pop. = 75% Chinese
Asian countries also have "illegal" workers
EX: Taiwan: around 50,000, but like USA, they
do work others won‘t
48
4) Economic migrants vs. refugees: Why it matters?
B/c are treated differently in some countries
EX: US, Canada, & W. Eur: allow refugees in if fleeing
undemocratic (Communist) govt. (political asylum)
Espec. in Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti
Econ. migrants: usually not let in w/o a special skill
Refugees can get priority treatment RE: admission EX’s:
a) Emigrants from Cuba: 1959 Cuban communist revol. &
Fidel Castro: US saw Cubans as polit. refugees
-Castro took over businesses/farms, etc, & opponents were
jailed
-US still prohibits business/govt dealings w/ Cuba
(but what about China?)
1960: 600,000 Cubans allowed into US… mostly went to Fla.
2nd wave of Cuban refugees  Mariel boat-lift
49
1980: 2nd Cuban immgr. flood--Mariel (port) boatlift…
Castro released polit. prisoners …but also criminals &
mental patients …& 125,000 came to US
Most joined families, got "sponsors," or had skills
-rest held in camps til 1987 when Cuba took back 2,500
criminals& mental patients
US then allowed only 20,000 Cubans per yr.
50
b) Haitian Emigrants : racial vs. political issue?
1957-1986 Duvalier dictators (dad & son) ruled Haiti
cruelly (Papa Doc & Baby Doc…)
US: said were econ., not polit. refugees
-said Cuba was b/c tied to USSR…but many said it was
b/c Haitians were black…they sued & many got in
’90’s: military coup in Haiti… = same problem…
(Aristide)
-eventually many got in, but US often said b/c of econ.,
not political reasons…Haiti is W. Hemsph.'s poorest
Now: govt. is better, but many still try to get to US
More recent: Earthquake! A poor country is
devastated especially hard w/ this kind of event
51
c) Vietnam’s Emigrants : war ends 1975; 1000’s who
had helped US allowed in (US "airlift")
Many who could not get out (not "important"
enough?) were persecuted b/c had helped US
Many left by boat ("boat people" ), hoping US Navy
pick them up (= US "soil") & hoped could then
apply for admission to US…& some did get in
More left in '80's, but VN was old news, so seen as
econ.
Many places, including Asian gov’ts (esp. Thailand)
refused them entrance, even pushing boats back
out to sea….so many drown
1996: many sent back to 'Nam
About 1/2 mill. VN came to US since end of war
52
--about 1 mill. elsewhere
Migration
of
Vietnamese
“Boat
People”
Many Vietnamese
fled by sea as
refugees after
the war w/ the
U.S. ended in
1975.
Later boat people
were often
considered
economic
migrants.
53
Fall of Saigon 1975
54
B) Cultural problems living in other countries:
Immigr. often used as "scapegoats" for local
econom. problems by politicians
1) US attitudes to immigrants: "new" arrival often
seen as suspicious & Eur. immigra. pushed West
-as frontier became "full" & closed, wanted to
close entrance to new people as well
--hostile to Germ. & Irish, but was worse for E & S
Europeans: Poles, Italians, Russ.,etc.
-govt. study in 1911 concluded these were
"racially inferior" groups… “w/ very violent
natures..”, etc
-this was pure prejudice
55
-CA now trying to deny schools, etc., to undoc's
2) Problems w/ guest
workers:
Europe:
workers: young
men, alone w/
language & cultural
barriers
-both workers &
host country see
as temp.,
but many do end
up saving $$, bring
families & stay
56
AntiImmigration
Protest in
Spain
Spanish youths
attacked
Moroccan
immigrants in
El Ejido, Spain,
after an alleged
murder.
57
W. Eur. & Mid-E: now lower econ. growth, so
restrict #'s of G-W’s more
-paid some to leave, but home country won’t allow
them back b/c of econ. probl. there
-many Eur. govt. & public pushing for more
immigr. restriction
-Asian/Pacific countries have also (p. 92, Fiji &
Indian prob.)
-though many feel anti-immigr. ideas are valid,
actually have little scientific basis & often seems
to be same ol' racism junk2)
Middle East G-W problems: fear "pollution" of
culture by g-w & many are expelled…or controlled
Refuse to allow them to marry there, so go home
to
58
marry & most go back home stay
Emigration
from China
Various ethnic
Chinese
peoples
have distinct
patterns of
Migration to
other
Asian
countries.
59
K-4: Why folks migrate within a country (interregional vs. international):
A) Interregional migration (betw. regions of a country):
1) Within the USA: changing center of population:
At census (? yrs..) is computed
-shows where the “balance” of pop. is…
Central point if all were evened out on a flat plane
a) 1790: began in Chesapeake Bay (about 77º W. long.),
now in Missouri (+-92º W)
Moved which direction? __ then later __ __
?: LIST some Intervening obstacles to this west. movt.
b) early settlement of interior: began 1790…by 1830
cent.of pop. moved to W.Va…free land brought folks
to Mississippi
Canals (EX: Erie) 1816-40, 3,326 mi. of US canals !
Diffusion of steam-boats also sped westward
settlement
60
Center of Population in the U.S.
The center of U.S. population has consistently moved
westward, w/ the population migration west. It has also
begun to move southward w/ migration to the
61
southern sunbelt.
Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah
Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th
century wagon trains heading west.
62
c) Settling Great Plain: US filled in East Coast …
…then West Coast
Didn’t fill in GP until new farm methods allowed “sodbusting” (new plows) & new barbed-wire eased
wood-dependence + RR
Barbed wire: allowed for settling and blocking off areas
d) Rustbelt: Michigan, Pennsylvania, NY, NJ, Illin.
New jobs where? South  new migration
e) Afri-Am. Migration:
1) forced from Africa
2) 1900 – 1930: Great Migration: from South to
Chicago, Detroit, NY, L.A. b/c of “Jim Crow” laws
3) 1970’s: began to “come home” back to new South
after C.R.A.’s (?)
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Homestead Act: 1862
Build a home, live 5 yrs on
land, & get 160 acres (for just a
small fee for filing ownership)
Encouraged the settling of the
West, Southwest, Great Plains,
and Great Lakes regions
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Advertizing
Free or Cheap
($1.25 per acre) land!!
65
66
Territory
NW of the
River Ohio
(the
Northwest
Territory),
organized,
incorporated
territory of
the USA
that
existed
from
July 1787
until
March
1803
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Treaty of
Guadalupe
Hildalgo
68
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2) Interregional migration in other countries:
a) Russia: Urged interreg. 1st by forced migration
-then by incentives to move to Far North &
Siberian regions
-had nat. resources, but no one to work them
b) Brazil: Made a “forward capital”:
All ppl on coasts…so moved capital & built Brasilia,
new cap. to encourage settlement of the interior
c) Indonesia: 1969: paid ppl in seeds, resources,
farming materials, etc., to leave Java (hi-pop) &
settled other islands
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Brasilia, Brazil was created as Brazil’s new capital
in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of
migrants in search of jobs
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d) Europe:
(interregional w/in other countries)
Per cap. Income + unemployment = determines
migration: net immigration = highest incomes
EX: Italy’s Mezzogiorno (south) has 40% of land,
35% pop., but 24% of $, so people migrate from
SN (N has $$)
e) India: govt. limits migration:
EX: migration (or visiting) to State of Assam is
limited to protect ethnic ID of Assamese
-protects jobs b/c it borders Bangladesh & many of
other cultures began to come in
-so govt. limits international migr.
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B) Migration w/in a region:
Rural, Urban, Suburban, Counterurban, Gentrification
1) Rural to urban:
Since 1800: most common = intraregional migr.
World: 5% urban 1800; today over 50% urban
USA: 1800 5% urban 1920 = 50% urban today = 75%
Same in most other MDC’s; now those moving from
LDC to
MDC showing same pattern, but don’t have the same
resources
So have great poverty in these cities
EX: Sao Paulo, Brazil: 300,000 in each year looking for
opportunity; can’t find housing, so live in favelas
(squatter areas w/ no elec., water, paved streets, etc.)
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Rural Urban Suburban Counterurban
Favela in Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2) Urban to Suburban: In MDC’s folks choose this
lifestyle, not forced by jobs
USA: about 6 mill. per yr. Ur  Sub (vs. 3 mill. S  U)
…same in Canada & W. Eur.
3) From Metropol. to non-Metro:
Counter-urbanization: (U  R)
--for 1st time, see folks moving to “boonies” (rural or
small town areas) by choice
-sometimes “mini-farms” but don’t make living from
agric. (have horses, etc.)
-can b/c of communication (computers) transport., etc.
Many farmers going under b/c of prices & costs of
farming…
-US (& other MDC) farms are now mostly corporate,
not family
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4) Suburban to urban: = gentrification: mostly “young
upwardly mobile” (yuppies) who want, night life, more
cosmopolitan environment, more cultural access…
Reclaiming older, run-down urban areas & making it
“upscale”
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Gentrification renews run-down
areas...BUT it often takes away
affordable areas from ppl who
have lived there for generations
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Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S.
in 1995 & in 2003.
Calculate:
Which region has the highest in-migration?
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Which has the highest out-migration?
Intra-regional
Migration in
the U.S.
Average annual
migration
among urban,
suburban,
& rural areas in
the U.S. during
1990s.
Largest
flow was from
central cities to
suburbs.
What 2 new
patterns do we
sometimes
see?
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Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had
net in-migration, while there has been net outmigration from rural counties in the Great Plains
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Erie Canal
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TEST EX’s for REVIEW: (CH 2 + 3)
1. Most people live in cities (urban areas) in which of these
regions?
a. East Asia b. South Asia c. Southeast Asia d. W. Europe
2. The lowest crude birth rates are typically found in countries in
which stage of the demographic transition?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4
3. Monte Zeto has a CBR rate of 24 & a CDR rate of 12 while
Nawa has a CBR of 35 & a CDR of 12. Which country has a
higher natural increase rate?
a. M-Z b. Nawa c. same in both countries
4. What do each of the following possibly indicate about DT
stages?: Which stage could it be & why?
a. Lot of people are migrating
b. Low CBR
c. low emigration, hi CBR, hi CDR, low NIR
5. Pop. pyramids on board: a, b, c: What can you surmise RE:
each?
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6. Malthus: Who? Said what? What got right? What wrong?
(Ch 3 Review)
1.
3.
5.
7.
political; economic; environmental
2. economic
Ireland; Germany 4. southeast
Mexico
6. Mexico
set quotas based on nationality & numbers already in US from
specific nations
8. economic advancement
9. relocation of rural people to urban areas creating an increase in the
number and percentage of urban dwellers
10. large-scale migration to the suburbs b/c of pull by a suburban
lifestyle
11.
in-migr.:
out-migr.:
Net in- or out-migr.:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
True
True
True
False
True
True
False
True
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
True
True
True
True
False
False
False
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Where am I from?? Below are some dates. Using
your knowledge of migration, give your BEST
answer to the question, “Which world region am I
MOST LIKELY from?”
(You’ll have these on your test…wanted you to see
them 1st!)
N. Africa Mideast Latin Am. Sub-Saharan Africa
W. Europe N. Europe E. Europe S. Europe Asia
I came….
1. To the US in 1898
5. To US in 1977
2. To US in 1850
6. To US in 1987
3. To W. Euro. in 2004
7. To US in 1998
4. To Mideast in 1998
8. To US in 1793 85
Possible WRITING ASSIGNMENTS:
Copy below. Answer each in good paragraph/discussion
form
1)
Describe changes in the movement of the U.S. center of
population (p. 92-93) and reasons for those changes.
2)
Describe the major intraregional & interregional
migration patterns within the United States in recent yrs.
(map p. 94)
**3) COPY this into your note books:
Title: Center of Population, USA
a) Explain what Center of Pop. means.
b) OUTLINE how this has moved from the Chesapeake
Bay in 1790 thru the present, using some brief
explanations.
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ASSIGNMENTS:
**TIME-LINE: Create a timeline showing when
which countries & areas immigrated into the
USA 1620 – present
**MAP assignment directions:
--on maps given, use COLOR-CODED main countries that USA
had immigrants coming from
--Draw ARROWS colored the same color as the countries,
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showing then immigration to the USA
MATCH…Creating TIMELINE!! REDO!!
-1066
-1750
-1898
-late 1940’s
-1965-75
-1588
-1776
-1914
– early ‘50’s
-1991
-1607
-1845
-1941
-2003
------------------------------------------------------------------
-Persian Gulf War
- WWII
-Revolutionary War
-Vietnam Conflict/War
-Korean Conflict/War
-Spanish-Amer. War
-Mexican-Amer. War
-Normand Invasion
-Iraq War
-Jamestown Settlement
-WWI
-Louisiana Purchase
-defeat of the Spanish Armada -Medical Revolution
-Northwest Land Ordinance (NW Territories)
-Industrial Revolution begins
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Immigration Case Studies
Read the Case Study & respond using complete sentences…a min. of 6-7
total.
1) Summarize the topic & events in this
2) What does ambivalent mean and to what is it referring in this study?
3) Explain how some Europeans respond to immigration
----------Pp. 108-9------------7-8 sentences min.
1) Summarize this entry.
2) Compare and contrast US attitudes of the past & present RE: immigration.
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