Plant Kingdom
NOTES #2
2 Main Categories of Plants:
1. Nonvascular – no
conducting tissue (no
veins)
Vascular
– have
conducting tissue
(have veins)
NONVASCULAR VS. VASCULAR




Small

Mostly found in 
water

environment
NO true roots,

stems or leaves
Examples: algae,
moss & liverworts
Large
Land environment
True stems, roots
and leaves
Examples: club
mosses, ferns,
gymnosperms &
angiosperms
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
1. Algae
 Some unicellular, live in
colonies, multicellular,
classified by color – red,
green & brown
2. Mosses & Liverworts
Multicellular,
first
land plants, must
live near moist
environment
ALGAE
ALGAE
No
protective
covering (no
cuticle)
Use
water
for
support
Very
thin
(1-2 cells
thick);
absorb
water by
diffusion
No
vascular
tissue (veins)
 Reproduction
is
dependent on water
Mosses & Liverworts
No
protective
covering (no
cuticle)
No
supporting
tissue (small & low
to the ground)
No
conducting
tissue (no veins)
Thin,
absorb water
directly from
environment
Reproduction
is
water dependent
MOSS
LIVERWORTS
VASCULAR PLANTS
1. Spore Plants
 Water
dependent
environment
 Examples: Club Mosses,
Horsetails and Ferns
2. Seed Plants
 Water independent
environment
 Examples:
Gymnosperms &
Angiosperms
Club Mosses & Horsetails
Have
a cuticle
 Primitive
vascular tissue
– carries limited
amounts of food and
water
Limited
size &
thickness
No
true stem,
roots or leaves
Reproduction
is
water dependent;
spores and gametes
CLUB MOSSES
HORSETAILS
FERNS
Have
a cuticle
Larger
vascular
tissue – larger
size
No
true stem,
roots or leaves
Reproduction
is
water dependent –
spores and gametes
FERN
GYMNOSPERMS
 Have
cuticle and stomata
(for gas exchange)
 Improved
vascular
tissue –
greater size &
supportive
tissue (wood)
 Reproduction
is water
independent – wind carries
the pollen
Seeds
cone
in an open
 Leaves
are needlelike
– most evergreen
True
root, stem and
leaves
 These
plants reproduction
takes place in a cone
(Reproductive structure
that produces naked seeds
– No fruit
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
Have cuticle and
stomata
Most
advanced
vascular
system
True
stem,
roots and
leaves
 Leaves
are
broad and
deciduous
(fall off
during the
fall)
 Reproduction
in a
seed which is
protected by a fruit
Flowers
are insect
and wind pollinated
ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
 Reproduction of
flowering plants takes
place within the flower
SEED
–
Reproductive structure made
of plant embryo (An egg and
a sperm that will grow into a
new plant), that is
surrounded by its stored
food
FRUIT
– Protects the
seed and aids in seed
dispersal
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Anther
Filament
Petal*
Stigma
Sepal*
Style
Box = Male part
Circle = Female part
Star = Not male or female
Ovary
POLLINATION
 Most
gymnosperms are
wind pollinated and most
angiosperms are pollinated
by wind or insects
 Wind
pollinated plants rely on
favorable weather and sheer
numbers to get pollen from
one plant to another
 Insect
pollinated plants
have bright colors and
sweet nectar to attract
insects
SEED DISPERSAL
 Some
seeds are dispersed
by animals
 Animals
eat the fruit that
surrounds the seeds and
then the seeds are released
by the animal as waste after
the fruit is digested
Other
seeds are
dispersed by wind
and water
 These
seeds are generally
lightweight, allowing them to
be carried in the air or float
on the surface of the water
MONOCOT VS. DICOT




Parallel veins
Complex
arrangement of
vascular bundles
Fibrous Root
EXAMPLE: Grass




Branched veins
Vascular bundles
arranged in a
ring
Taproot
EXAMPLE: Tree
(Larger Plant)
Monocot vs. Dicot
Monocot vs
Dicot leaves
Monocot
vs.
Dicot
Monocot vs. Dicot
roots
ANNUAL VS. PERENNIAL
Plant that
lives,
reproduces
and dies in 1
year
 EXAMPLE:
VEGETABLES



Plant that
lives,
reproduces
and grows
year after year
EXAMPLE:
TREES
Annuals
Perennials
Photo sites
http://johnbokma.com/mexit/2005/01/16/nice-group-of-plants.jpg
http://www.biology4kids.com/extras/show_plants/03.jpg
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/images/mon_del.jpg
http://www.firstscience.com/home/images/legacygallery/leaf.jpg
www.wacona.com/words/organisms/nonvascularalgae.jpg
http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/img/Red_Algae_m580917.jpg
http://www.seaweed.ie/Algae/Images/Himelo5.jpg
http://www.holencikroofing.com/A-Algae.jpg
http://www.greenhomesbyjr.com/Algae-Hands.jpg
http://www.bioremediate.com/algae1.jpg
http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186.jpg
http://www-biology.ucsd.edu/bioresearch/images/initiatives/algal_biofuels.jpg
http://www.junelab.com/Images/Algae.jpg
http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/content/1/c6/05/24/91/liverworts-close-up-web.jpg
http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/bot335/liverw.gif
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgnov02/mosses.jpg
http://www.justagroove.net/gallery/photos/mosses.jpg
http://www.rhs.org.uk/Advice/profiles0205/images/liverwort.jpg
http://www.arboretumphotographers.com/photographers/craigeiler/RushingWaterOnMoss_CraigEiler.jpg
http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/arcimg/arc5486.jpg
http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/lycon13.GIF
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/51381743/Horsetail_Extract_Powder.jpg
http://www.dermaxime.com/images/horsetail.jpg
http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/smartin/images/moss.jpg
http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/clubmoss01.JPEG
http://darcywriter.com/images/Ferns1.JPG
http://www.iusd.k12.ca.us/uhs/apbiology/images/leafbranch.jpg
http://betterlawns.com/images/peachtree.jpg
More Photo sites
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/kpn/pchtree2.jpg
http://www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk/palaeo/images/Pollen_large.jpg
http://ipm.msu.edu/ctree/images/SpottedKnapweedFlower.jpg
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/19/5619-004-06529655.jpg
http://img6.travelblog.org/Photos/31726/281137/t/2372599-Wheat-fields-blowing-in-the-wind-0.jpg
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1042/1133151198_2c3a434168_m.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/94/242514074_45be01f653.jpg
http://www.campkawartha.ca/images/seeds.jpg
http://www.natureguystudio.com/images/redsquirrel-nut-150w.jpg
http://www.tfrc.csiro.au/research/SeedDispersal04.jpg
http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1903/Locked/media/ch30/30_09FruitDispersal.jpg
http://www.arc.agric.za/uploads/images/4534_seeds_close_s.gif
http://www.nku.edu/~whitsonma/Bio120LSite/Bio120LReviews/Bio120WebPics/Plant%20Adaptations/Seeds%20&%20fruits/CattailFluff.jpg
http://www.evidencesofcreation.com/images_plants/064a.jpg
http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mbierner/bio406d/images/pics/poa/Arundo%20donax%20leaf5.jpg
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg/180px-Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg
http://homepage.smc.edu/hodson_kent/plant_growth/Angiosperms/tissues/dicot_leaf.jpg
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Root/Adventitious_Roots/Coleus/Adventitious_roots_2_MC.low.jpg
http://www.wildmanstevebrill.com/JPEG'S/Plant%20Web%20Images/Carrot.jpg
http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=bluebonnets&form=QBIR#
http://www.gardenerspath.com/plantguide/images/pansies_lg.JPG
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/food/images/squash.jpg
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/cornplant.jpg
http://www.mountlehmanllamas.com/col-tomato.jpg
http://www.stargazerperennials.com/images/perennial-front-page-pictur.jpg
http://www.onegreenworld.com/images/categories/blueberry.jpg
http://boldt.us/4728-2/wicked-trees
http://photos.jibble.org/albums/Flowers/giant_daisies.jpg
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/ClassificationPlants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta/Nonvascular/moss.JPG
http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/images/bugonastick/buxvir_habitat.jpg
http://www.mobot.org/education/strc/images/model_germination.jpg