Lecture 4
Chapters 5 & 6
Integumentary System and
Skeletal System
Garry "Stretch" Turner
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Body Tissues
• Tissue membranes: consist of:
Thin sheets of epithelium and c.t. that:
1. cover body surfaces or
2. line body cavities.
Tissue Membranes
• Tissue membranes - four major types:
1) serous membrane – lines a body cavity
that does not open to the outside.
e.g., thoracic (chest) cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
Fig. 1.08a
Tissue Membranes
• 2) mucous membrane – lines a body cavity or
tube that opens to the outside.
e.g., mouth & nasal cavities
digestive, respiratory, urinary and
reproductive tracts
Composed of epithelial layer with embedded
mucus producing cells (goblet cells) overlying a
layer of loose c.t.
Tissue Membranes
• 3) synovial membrane – lines a joint cavity.
– Produces synovial fluid that cushions/lubricates
• 4) cutaneous membrane – external body
covering (i.e.skin)
Integumentary System (skin)
Organ system=2 or more tissues working together to perform
some function
A. Functions of the integument
1. Protection
2. Prevent H O loss (keratin[protein], sebum [oil])
3. Excretion (waste in sweat)
4. Temperature regulation (evaporation of sweat,
vasodilatation and constriction)
5. Synthesis of vitamin D in sunlight
6. Sensation (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
2
Skin Structure: Composed of 2 general
layers: epidermis and dermis
B. Layers
1. Epidermis – stratified squamous
epithelium, keratinized (protein keratin,
waterproof) epithelium.
a. Has 4 to 5 layers, the superficial
layer, stratum corneum is dead!
b. Stratum basale (germinativum) is
the bottom layer that grows (mitosis)
and contains melanocytes.
Superficial layer
Basal layer
Stratum=layer
Structure of the skin (cont)
2. Dermis – irregular, dense
connective tissue
3. Subcutaneous
(hypodermis)– underlying
adipose and loose connective
tissue, not really part of the
true skin.
C. Specialized structures (accessory organs of
skin)
1. Hair – derived from epidermis
a. Grows from the hair follicle
b. Serves as insulation in animals, the arrector pilli
muscles make goose bumps.
Accessory Organs of the skin (Cont)
2. Glands – derived from epidermis.
a. Sebaceous (oil sebum) usually with the hair follicle.
They lubricate the hair shaft, and waterproof the
skin. Keeps skin soft
b. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
1. Eccrine (Merocrine)-cools the body via evaporation,
excretes water salt and waste (urea) at the surface
2.Apocrine- in axillae (armpit) and pubic regions develop
at puberty and release secretions when excited/ anxious
release pheromones.
Accessory organs of the
skin (cont.)
c. Sensory receptors – derived from
structures in the dermis.
1. meisnner’s corpuscle for touch,
2. pacinian corpuscle for pressure
Temperature and pain
receptors are also present).
Accessory organs of the skin (cont)
d. Nails – derived from the epidermis.
-Rich in keratin =hard structure
Skeletal System
Andreas Vesalius
VII. Skeletal system
A. Functions of the Skeleton –
• Support-site of attachment of soft tissues
• protection - delicate tissues surrounded by
bone
• levers for movement- transmit forces from
muscles
• blood formation – produced in red marrow
• calcium and phosphate storage
B. Classification of Bone (by type)
1. Compact –dense, on bone
surface, shaft and head of long
bones.
2. Spongy (cancellous) – lines
marrow cavity in long bones,
heads, middle part of short, flat,
irregular bones, filled with red
marrow.
Classification of bone (by shape)
1. Long bones – appendages, all
bones of limbs except wrist
(carpals) and ankles (tarsals).
2. Short bones – wrist (carpals) and
ankle (tarsals).
3. Flat bones – cranium (top of
skull), sternum, ribs.
4. Irregular bones – vertebrae,
pelvis, facial bones
5. Sesamoid-form inside tendon
(knee cap) shaped like a sesame
seed
6. Sutural (wormian)- islands of
bone form between sutures in skull
C. Anatomy of a Long Bone
4. Spongy Bone
1. Epiphysis
= expanded area at ends
of long bone
3. Compact bone
= outer layer of bone
2. Diaphysis
=long tubular shaft
= houses Red bone marrow
5. Epiphysial line or plate
=thin line of cartilage (line) or
bone (plate) dite of bone growth
lengthwise
6. Medullary cavity – hollow
cavity, holds yellow bone marrow in
life.
7. Periosteum
= fibrous cover attaches
tendons and ligaments
8. Articular cartilage
D. Bone Growth and Remodeling
1. Intramembranous bone development – skull and
clavicle.
a. Fibrous connective tissue present only 2 months
after conception is the template that is
(ossified) converted to bone. This is not
complete at birth and the “soft spots” fontanels
remain for a time (up to 1 ½ years) after birth.
Cells of Bone
• Osteoblasts: produces (deposits) new bone
and assist in repair of bone
• Osteoclast: breaks down old bone and assist in
repair of bone
• Osteocytes: mature bone cells help maintain
bone
Bone Formation (cont)
b. Intracartilaginous – within hyaline
cartilage
1.) All the skeleton below the base of the
skull except the clavicles.
2.) “Bones” first are formed of hyaline
cartilage by about 3 months of age and
begin ossification or the conversion to
bone
3.) A Center of primary ossification in long
bones develops in the center of the
diaphysis (shaft).
4.) Secondary centers of ossification
develop later in each of the two epiphyses
(heads).
5.) The bone head and shaft are separated
at each end by a cartilage growth plate
called the epiphyseal plate while the
centers convert hyaline cartilage to bone.
6.) Ossification in the primary center spreads
toward the end of the shaft while ossification
in the secondary centers spreads toward the
shaft.
7.) A long bone has the epiphyseal plate of
cartilage can continue to grow in length .
That is about 18 years in females and 21 in
males.
8.) When cartilage growth is no longer faster than
bone formation in the primary and secondary
centers, the epiphyseal plate is converted to
bone leaving the epiphyseal line. This
epiphyseal closure means the bone can no
longer grow in length. It is still capable of
growing in diameter. (appositional growth)
Primary ossification centers at 12 weeks
Appositional growth is from osteoprogenitor cells under the periosteum
Divisions of Skeleton
E. Organization of the Skeleton
1. Axial – head, spine, chest.
a. Cranium
1.) Frontal (1).
2.) Parietal (2).
3.) Temporal (2).
4.) Occipital (1).
5.) Sphenoid (1).
6.) Ethmoid (1).
b. Face
1.) Zygomatic (2).
2.) Lacrimal (2).
3.) Nasal (2).
4.) Vomer (1).
5.) Inferior nasal conchae (2).
6.) Maxillae (2).
7.) Palatine (2).
8.) Mandible (1).
c. Hyoid
d. Trunk –
1.) vertebral column.
a.) Cervical (7).
b.) Thoracic (12).
c.) Lumbar (5).
d.) Sacrum (1) composed of 5 fused vertebrae.
e.) Coccyx (1) composed of 4 fused vertebrae.
2.) Sternum (1) composed of manubrium,
body, and xiphoid process.
3.) Ribs – 24, (12 pairs).
a.) True ribs, first 7 pairs.
b.) False ribs, last 5 pairs, last 2 pairs of false ribs
are floating.
2. Appendicular Skeleton – pectoral girdle, arms
pelvic girdle, legs.
a. Upper extremities
1.) Pectoral girdle
a.) Scapulae (2).
b.) Clavicles (2).
2.) Arm (#/arm)
a.) Humerus (1).
b.) Radius (1).
c.) Ulna (1).
d.) Carpals (8).
e.) Metacarpals (5).
f.) Phalanges (14), 2 in thumb, 3 in each digit.
b. Lower Extremity
1.) Pelvic girdle
a.) Os coxae (hip bones) (2).
2.) Leg (#/leg).
a.) Femur (1).
b.) Patella (1).
c.) Tibia (1).
d.) Fibula (1).
e.) Tarsals (3).
f.) Metatarsals (5).
g.) Phalanges (14),
2 in great toe and
3 in digits.
3. Terms – for bone markings.
a. Foramen – hole in a bone for nerves and blood
vessels. “Foramen magnum”.
b. Fossa – a shallow depression.
c. Meatus - a bony canal, “external acoustic meatus”
d. Process – any bony prominence for muscle
attachment.
1.) Mastoid process.
2.) Trochanters of the femur.
3.) Tubercle – a small rounded
projection or process
e.) Condyle – a rounded articular projection.
4. Children have more bones, Why?
a. At birth children have approximately 260 bones
while adults are said to have 206.
b. During growth and development, many bone
“fuse” or grow together.
c.
Adult
Child
Sacrum
1
4-5
Coccyx
1
3-4
Hip bones 2
6
F. Articulations of Joints
1. Kinds of Joints
a. Synarthroses – immovable (fibrous)
b. Amphiarthroses – slightly movable (cartilage)
c. Diarthroses – freely movable (synovial)
2. Structure of a Synovial Joint
a. Capsule – 2 layered enclosure of joint
b. Synovial membrane – inner layer of capsule,
secretes synovial fluid
c. Articular cartilage – glassy smooth hyaline cartilage
d. Joint cavity – enclosed space with synovial fluid
e. Ligaments - reinforce and stabilize the joint
3. Movements at Joints – Synovial
a. Flexion – bending movement.
b. Extension – straightening movement..
c. Abduction – movement away from the midline.
d. Adduction – to bring an appendage toward the
midline.
e. Rotation – rotation around the long axis of a bone
f. Supination – turning forward, pronation – turning
backward.
g. Inversion, eversion – sole of foot medial, sole lateral.
h. Circumduction – to draw around, distal limb in
circular motion while proximal end is stationary.
4. Types of synovial joints (some)
a. Hinge
1.) Knee, elbow, between phalanges.
b. Ball and socket
1.) Shoulder, hip.
c. Gliding
1.) Between carpals of the wrist.
2.) Between tarsals in the ankle.
d. Condyloid
1.) Between metacarpals and phalanges.
2.) Between carpals and metacarpals.