CHAPTER 5: WATER AND SOLUTION
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
SOLID  LIQUID  GASES
Absorb heat
0ºC
Gases  liquid  solid
release heat
100ºC
SOLID  LIQUID  GASES
Absorb heat
Gases  liquid  solid
release heat
Test
Test
D=
V
M
__
Liquid to solid - freezing
Fikir tentang `Volume’
Contoh:
0.5 g
Density =
0.5cm
Density
= 1 g/cm
Jika:
Volume expand during freezing.
0.5 g
Density =
1 cm
Density
= 0.5 g/cm
Float (less density than water)
on cooling 4° C – volume of water contract
Below 4° C – volume of water expand
Freezing point:
1. Water 0° C
2. Nafthelene - 80⁰ C
3. Nitrogen – 210° C
Freezing point:
1. Water 0° C
2. Nafthelene - 80⁰ C (boiling 218⁰C)
3. Nitrogen – 210° C
Naftalena -
Not dissolve in water
Very dissolve in hot water (below boiling point)
Kinetic theory
Test presence of water
•
Anhydrous copper sulphate (white  blue)
•
Anhydrous Cobalt chloride paper
(Blue  pink)
The effects of impurities on the physical characteristics of water
i. Boil at a temperature above 100ºC
ii. freeze at a temperature below 0ºC
MRSM 2012
•
Anhydrous copper sulphate (white  blue)
•
Anhydrous Cobalt chloride paper
(Blue  pink)
SOLUTION & SOLUBILITY
Water is a universal solvent.
Rate dissolving increase with:
• increasing temperature of solvent (cold/heat)
• Increasing surface area of solute (fine/coarse)
• stirring
SATURATED dissolving increase
with:
• increasing temperature /HEAT
• Increasing VOLUME OF WATER (solvent)
Soalan PKBS
B
B
questions
• 1. Is the boiling point of water with salt higher
or lower than that of pure water?
• 2. Do impurities increase or decrease the
boiling point of water?
• 3. How do you test whether tap water is pure
water?
COMPARISON BETWEEN
SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
SOLUTION
1. DISSOLVED IN WATER
2. TRANSPARENT
3. LIGHT CAN TRANSMIT
SUSPENSION
1. DO NOT DISSOLVED IN
WATER.
2. NOT TRANSPARENT /
OPAQUE
4. SMALL PARTICLES.
3. LIGHT CANNOT
TRANSMIT
4. LARGE PARTICLES.
5. CANNOT SEPARATE
WITH FILTER PAPER.
Sugar solution, salt solution
5. CAN SEPARATE WITH
FILTER PAPER.
Milo solution
COMPARISON BETWEEN
SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER
AS A SOLVENT
DISSOLVES OXYGEN AND
CARBON DIOXIDE FOR
AQUATIC ORGANISMS.
DISSOLVES OXYGEN AND
FOOD SO THAT THESE
CAN BE TRANSPORTED TO
BODY CELL.
DISSOLVES MANY DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MINERAL
SALTS AND THIS ENABLES
THE ROOTS OF PLANTS
TO ABSORB THESE
DISSOLVED MINERALS.
MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS
IN OUR BODY NEED
WATER AS A SOLVENT.
Composition of water
1 molecule of water
2 atom hydrogen
1 atom oxygen
Awas BACAAN
Pada test tube…
The composition of water
Process - Electrolysis of water
Panjang (anode) – Positive - oxygen
Water: H2O
Two atom hydrogen and one atom oxygen
Are chemically combines to form one
Molecule of water.
Johor 2010
A. Copper
B. carbon
C. sulphur
D. aluminium
PMR 2011
MRSM 2011
Check ….apa salah …
Water Molecules
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8
The decomposition of two water
molecules.
Water
molecules
Diatomic
oxygen molecule
Electric
current
+
Diatomic
hydrogen molecules
• Electrolysis of Water
• Electrolysis
“electro” = electricity
“lysis” = to split
H2O(l)
water
*H1+
Water
Oxygen
gas forms
Hydrogen
gas forms
O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
oxygen
hydrogen
*Must add acid catalyst
to conduct electricity
Source of
direct current
Electrode
Test presence of oxygen (anode) +ve
1.burning wooden splinter – more brightly
2.glowing wooden splinter – flame/ignite/rekindless
Test presence of hydrogen (cathode) -ve
1.burning wooden splinter – produce `pop sound’ –
not support combustion
EVAPORATION & BOILING
EVAPORATION
BOILING
Any temperature
Comparison
Slow process
At the surface of the water
Liquid changes to gases
Similarities
Heat energy is absorb
1.Surface area
Factors evaporation
2.humidity
3.Air movement
4.temperature
Application of evaporation in daily life
1. To obtain salt from sea water
2. To dry product from agriculture such as cocoa, pepper, tea leaves and paddy.
3. To dry clothes
4. To process milk powder
Pahang 2011
State the relationship between the rate of
Evaporation and condition of cloth.
…………………………………………….
ORGANIC SOLVENT
SUBSTANCES THAT ARE DISSOLVES
ALCOHOL
CHLOROPHYLL (GRASS), IODINE, SHELLAC, VARNISH,
BALL POINT PEN INK
KEROSENE
FRESH PAINT, OIL, IODINE
TURPENTINE
TAR, GREASE
PETROL
FRESH PAINT, OIL, TAR, GREASE, WAX, LATEX
ACETONE
LIPSTICK
AMYL ACETATE
NAIL POLISH
ETHYL ACETATE
IODINE
ETHER
GREASE, OIL, FATS
CITRIC ACID
FRUIT STAINS
LIME JUICE
RUST
CHLOROFORM
PLASTIC
MILK
INK
BENZENE
LATEX, GREASE STAINS
acid
Organic acid
Inorganic acid
Acetic acid – vinegar
Formic acid – ants PMR 2011
Lactic acid – sour milk
Malic acid – young apples
Citric acid – limes
Tannic acid – tea
Tartaric acid - grapes
Sulphuric acid – laboratories
Nitric acid – lab
Hydrochloric acid – lab
Carbonic acid – carbonated drinks
differences
Living thing (plants & animals)
Original
source
- fertilizers
Hydrochloric acid has many uses. It is used in the production of chlorides,
fertilizers, and dyes, in electroplating, and in the photographic, textile, and
rubber
Rocks and minerals
Weak acids
Strength of acids
Strong acids
Less corrosive
Corrosive
properties
Very corrosive
Test for acid
• Litmus paper
Biru  Merah
• PH less than 7
• Universal
Indicator –
yellowish green
to Red
Test for alkali
• Litmus paper
Merah  Biru
• PH more than 7
• Universal
Indicator –
yellowish - Purple
Bas MERAH
ABCDEFGHIJKL…..
Test for acid
• Litmus paper
Biru  Merah
• PH less than 7
• Universal
Indicator –
yellowish green
to Red
• Litmus paper
Test for alkali
Merah  Biru
• PH more than 7
• Universal
Indicator –
yellowish - Purple
Do you know?
Milk of magnesia is a liquid used in
medicinal applications as an antacid and a
hydrating
laxative.
Also
known
as
magnesium hydroxide or Mg(OH)2, the
solution is taken orally. It is so named
because it looks milky white and contains
the naturally occurring mineral magnesium.
The substance acts to work within six hours
of a dose in adults and children to
temporarily relieve occasional bouts of
constipation. The original concentrated
formula was concocted by a man named
Charles Henry Phillips in 1880, and sold
under the brand Phillips' Milk of Magnesia.
Today, the rights to the name "milk of
magnesia" appear to be owned by Bayer
Corporation.
Milk of magnesia is an alkaline suspension,
meaning that it undergoes a neutralizing
reaction when encountering anything acidic.
ACID
ALKALINE
REACTS WITH
Magnesium, Wooden Block,
Meat, cloth
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
REACTS WITH
Magnesium, Wooden Block,
Meat
CONDUCT ELECTRITY
SHOW THEIR PROPERTIES
IN PRESENCE WATER
SHOW THEIR PROPERTIES
IN PRESENCE WATER
BLUE LITMUS PAPER
Blue to Red
Sour
RED LITMUS PAPER
Red to Blue
Bitter
Burn Skin
Skin Dry Slippery
pH < 7
pH > 7
PMR 2011
PMR 2011
PKBS 4 2011
PMR 2011
PKBS 4 2011
PMR 2011
PMR 2011
PKBS 4 2011
MRSM 2011
NEUTRALISATION
ACID
ALKALI
SULPHURIC ACID
POTTASIUM
HYDROXIDE
POTTASIUM
SULPHATE
+
WATER
PHOSPHORIC
ACID
CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
+
WATER
NITRIC ACID
POTTASIUM
HYDROXIDE
POTTASIUM
NITRATE
+
WATER
HYDROCHOLORIC
ACID
SODIUM
HYDRIXIDE
SODIUM
CHLORIDE
+
WATER
Method used - titration
Product – salt + water
NEUTRALISATION
Neutralisation
Acid + Alkali
acidic

alkaline
Salt + Water
neutral
neutral
Hydrochloric
Sodium

+
acid
hydroxide
Sodium
chloride
+ Water
Hydrochloric
Potassium

+
acid
hydroxide
_______
_______
+ water
What is
made?
Nitric acid + Sodium Hydroxide  Sodium Nitrate + Water
Sulphuric acid + Sodium Hydroxide  Sodium Sulphate + Water
Hydrochloric Acid + Potassium Hydroxide  Potassium Chloride + Water
Use the pattern and the word equation to copy and complete
these equations
1. Hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide  ________ + water
2. Nitric acid + potassium hydroxide  ________ + water
3. _______ acid + potassium hydroxide  potassium sulphate + water
4. Sulphuric acid + magnesium _______  magnesium sulphate + ____
5. _______ acid + rubidium hydroxide  rubidium chloride + water
Test PRODUCT Neutralisation
1. hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide = …………. universal indicator (purple to
green) pH 7, salty
2. Hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide = …………………………………… universal
indicator (purple to green) pH 7, salty
3. Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide = ………………………………………… universal
indicator (purple to green) pH 7, salty
4. Hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide = …………………………………………
5. Hydrochloric acid + ammonium hydroxide = ………………………………………
6. Sulphuric acid + ammonium hydroxide = …………………………………………
7. Sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide = …………………………………………
8. Sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide = ………………………………………………
9. Nitric acid + calcium hydroxide = ……………………………………………………
10. Nitric acid + sodium hydroxide = ……………………………………………………
11. Phosphoric acid + Sodium hydroxide = ……………..
12. Phosphoric acid + Potassium hydroxide = ……………..
13. Phosphoric acid + Calcium hydroxide = ……………..
14. Phosphoric acid + Ammonium hydroxide = ……………..
Test PRODUCT Neutralisation
1. Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid = …………. universal indicator (purple to
green) pH 7, salty
2. potassium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = ………………………
3. sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = ……………………………
4. calcium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = …………………………
5. ammonium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = ……………………
6. ammonium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid = …………………………
7. potassium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid = …………………………
8. Sodium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid = ………………………………
9. calcium hydroxide + Nitric acid = ……………………………………
10. Sodium hydroxide + Nitric acid = …………………………………
11. Sodium hydroxide + Phosphoric acid = ……………..
12. Potassium hydroxide + Phosphoric acid = ……………..
13. Calcium hydroxide + Phosphoric acid = ……………..
14. Phosphoric acid + Ammonium hydroxide = ……………..
PMR 11
Any other uses of neutralisation?
• 1. Wasp stings are treated with vinegar
• 2. Bee stings are treated with bicarbonate of soda
• 3. What does this tell us about the pH of the bee and wasp
stings?
Indicator
Neutralisation
neutral
acid
alkali
green
blue
• Universal _______ tells us what the pH of a solution is.
• If the pH is below 7 we say it is an ___ and it will turn ___.
• If it is above 7 it will turn ___ and we say it is an ____ .
• If the solution turns ____ we say it is _____ and it has a pH
of 7.
red
PMR 2010
ACID + ALKALI  Salt + Water
Method - TITRATION
Process - NEUTRALISATION
More alkalin
Preservation of water quality.
Preservation of water quality.
PMR 2007
SOALAN PMR 2008
Penutup
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr
2. Tasbih Kifarah.