The Seed Plants
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
12.3 and 12.4
General Characteristics
• Have seeds
– Protect and feed their young!
• Have vascular bundles
– Xylem-carries water
-hollow, dead cells
– Phloem-carries food
• Plants are larger
• Plants are more advanced
Leaf Structure
• Cuticle- waxy layer on
outside of leaf
• Stoma-an opening in
the leaf: lets water,
carbon dioxide,
oxygen in
• Guard Cell-borders
the stoma
Leaf Processes
• Photosynthesis– uses water and carbon dioxide to make food
– Release oxygen
– In chloroplasts using chlorophyll
• Transpiration– evaporation of water through the leaf
• Respiration– Using oxygen to convert food into energy
• Abscission– Leaves fall off in the fall
– prevents transpiration
Gymnosperms
• No flowers
• Seeds are protected
in cones
Angiosperms
• Have flowers which
become fruit
• Seeds are protected
in fruit
• Are divided into
monocots and dicots
Dicot
2 seed coats
-seeds-
Monocots
1 seed coat
Monocots
• Vascular bundles in a
ring
• Large cortex area
roots
Dicots
• Vascular bundles in
center
• Large cortex area
Monocots
• Vascular bundles
scattered
stems
Dicots
• Vascular bundles
around outside
Seed Plant Fertilization
• Male
– Stamen
• Anther & filament
• Female
– Pistil
• Stigma, style, ovary
• Stigma is sticky to catch
pollen
Seed Plant Fertilization
Flowers
• Perfect– has both male and female parts
• Imperfect– has male or female parts
• Complete– Has a pistil, stamen, petal, sepal
• Incomplete– Does not have all 4 above parts
Seed Plant Fertilization
Process
• 1. Pollen sticks to stigma
• 2. Sperm are in pollen
and move down style to
ovule (egg) in ovary.
• 3. Double fertilization
– Zygote (egg + sperm)
– Endosperm (food for
zygote)
Seed Plant Fertilization
Fruit
• Zygote is the seed
• The seed is in the ovary
• The ovary ripens with
the seeds inside.
• The fruit we eat are
ripened ovaries with the
seed (zygote) inside!
Types of Fruit
• Simple
– 1 flower
– 1 ovary 
– = 1 fruit
• Examples
– Tomato, pear, apple,
grains
Types of Fruit
• Aggregate
– 1 flower
– Many ovaries
– = 1 fruit
• Examples
– Raspberry, strawberry,
blackberry
Types of Fruit
• Multiple
– Many flowers
– Many ovaries grow
together
– 1 fruit
• Example
– Pineapple, bread fruit,
mulberry