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Organic Molecules
-A compound containing carbon
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General Information

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen make up 96% of
living things.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are
compounds that contain
carbon

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 do not contain carbon
 OR contain carbon and are
oxides or carbonates
 e.g. CO2 is NOT organic

All organisms are organic.

Carbon can form many types
of molecules due to its 4
valence electrons
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Useful Information

“mono”-a prefix meaning one

“di”-a prefix meaning two

“poly”- a prefix meaning many

Saccharide-another word for sugar

As a naming convention sugars end in the suffix “ose”

As a naming convention proteins end in “in” or “gen”
catalytic enzymes end in “ase”
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Use what you know!

Define the following:

Monomer

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

polymer
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Macromolecules

Giant molecules with many carbon atoms built through
polymerization.

During polymerization monomers (single molecules) join together
to form a polymer

Four basic types of macromolecules:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids
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Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis is the reaction that occurs during
polymerization.

In other words in order to hook monomers together to create
polymers, the two monomers must undergo dehydration
synthesis. (The same is true for a monomer and a dimer, or a
polymer and a monomer)

Dehydration Synthesis occurs during polymerization.
Dehydration synthesis is when an –H and an –OH are moved
from two monomers to create a polymer. A molecule of water
or H2O is formed

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
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Macromolecules

Are macromolecules polymers, monomers, or dimers?

Four basic types of macromolecules:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates (sugars, starches)

Compounds composed of C, H,
and O in a specific ratio
(CH2O)n

Monosaccharide- simple
sugars that generally have
between 3-7 carbons

Disaccharide- 2
monosaccharaides joined
together

Polysaccharide-multiple
monosaccharaides joined
together
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Carbohydrates continued

Starches are complex
carbohydrates found in foods
like pasta, rice, bread, and
potatoes

Sugars-are found in candy,
sweets, and fruit.

PRIMARY FUNCTION:
provide energy
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Carbohydrates (sugars, starches)
Functional group- Hydroxyl
Group. Written -OH
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Lipids(fats, oils, and waxes)

Composed of glycerol and
fatty acids.

Fatty acids can be saturated
(single bonds only) or
unsaturated (at least one
double bond)

FATTY ACIDS-are composed
of a hydrocarbon chain and a
carboxylic acid group.

GLYCEROL- 3-Carbon
molecule that serves as a lipid
backbone
Glycerol
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Lipids continued

Lipids are non-polar


Will they dissolve in water?
PRIMARY PURPOSE:

Energy Storage: fats yield 9 calories
of energy per gram

Cellular membranes

Hormones

Transport of fat-soluble vitamins
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Protein(keratin, amylase)
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Amino Acids

Monomers of proteins

20 varieties

Order of amino acids
determine shape of protein.
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Amino acids continued
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Bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds.

Chains of amino acids are called polypeptide chains.

Enzymes- act as catalyst to increase rate of chemical
reaction.
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Proteins continued.

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS:

Make up tissues, organs, hair, spider web, etc

Perform functions in bodies of organisms

Control the expression of traits

Support structure

enzymes
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Nucleic Acids-RNA

Nucleotides are the units of
nucleic acids



5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group (5’ end)
Nitrogenous Base
 Four Bases in DNA. 2 Purines
(double ring) and 2
Pyrimidines (single ring)
 Guanine (purine) pairs with
Cytosine (pyrimidine)
 Adenine (purine) pairs with
Thymine (pyrimidine)
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Double Helix

Strands in opposite direction
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Nucleic Acids-RNA

Single Stranded

Uracil replaces Thymine

Ribose replaces
deoxyribose
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Nucleic Acids

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS:

Store hereditary information that can be translated into proteins
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With your groups….

Please complete the table outlining important information for
macro molecules
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ADD AMINO ACIDS to the bottom of your list

Discuss Functional Groups when appropriate
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ACTIVITY!
INSTRUCTIONS
1.
2.
3.
Use scissors to separate the molecules.
Assemble the following macromolecules and glue them each to
a white sheet of paper: Carbohydrate, triglyceride with
unsaturated fat, triglyceride with saturated fat, protein, and
nucleic acid.
Label each sheet with they type of macromolecule you have
created, the components, and the function of the
macromolecule
For each macromolecule a water molecule is formed with
each bond. Where do the two hydrogen and oxygen
molecules come from to form the water? What adjustment
should you make to molecules to show evidence of bonding?
(Disregard the water molecule when dealing with DNA)