Information Services and Systems
How to reference successfully
Information Services and Systems
Why
reference?
• Avoid accusations of plagiarism – reference all
ideas you use
• Traceability - ensure someone else can find
your sources
• Good referencing is a basic academic requisite
• Demonstrate that you have read widely
Information Services and Systems
Plagiarism
• “Failure to correctly identify and acknowledge reference material can be
classed as plagiarism and unfair practice”. (Swansea University Business
School student handbook, 2012, p.2).
• “use of any quotation(s) from the published or unpublished work of other
persons which have not been clearly identified as such by being placed in
quotation marks and acknowledged”
• “summarising another person's ideas, judgements, figures, software or
diagrams without reference to that person in the text and the source in
the bibliography”
• “use of unacknowledged material downloaded from the Internet”
(Definition of unfair practice Swansea University, 2012)
Information Services and Systems
Help is always available!
• Come and see us in the Library
• buslib@swansea.ac.uk
• 01792 295697
Images courtesy of:
h.Koppdelaney, .sarahwynne.
& Liminal Mike
On Flickr, used under CC licence
Information Services and Systems
APA 6th
There are many styles of referencing available,
however the style for the College of Business
and Economics is
APA
th
6
An Author-Date style similar to Harvard
Information Services and Systems
What do you find difficult about
referencing?
Go this address, double click on the screen
and write a few examples of what you found
difficult in previous assignments when
referencing.
http://padlet.com/wall/sureferencing
Information Services and Systems
Three steps to successful
referencing
• Step 1 – Follow the APA guidelines
– Available on Blackboard http://bit.ly/buslibrary
– Also available on the APA Style website
http://www.apastyle.org
Information Services and Systems
Three steps to successful
referencing
• Step 2 – Pay attention to detail (punctuation &
formatting).
– Every comma, full stop and use of italics is used for a
specific reason. You can’t change the way it looks.
– Stick to the style and be consistent.
– The reference list should be double spaced and indented
on all lines except first.
Information Services and Systems
Three steps to successful
referencing
• Step 3 – Take good notes
– Think about what details you will need from the source in
order to reference correctly (different formats require
different details).
– How are you keeping track of the sources you are using?
Are you using any software to help?
Information Services and Systems
Reference management software
This will store and format references for you
– EndNote / EndNote Web (Swansea Uni sub)
– Mendeley (free)
– Zotero (free)
– Word reference tab
But you still need to check it carefully!
Information Services and Systems
APA Referencing Example
Main text of your work will look like this:
The official manual for the APA style is published by the American Psychological
Association (American Psychological Association, 2001). There is one copy on one
week loan and another permanently available in the Study Hall. There are also
other texts we recommend – an easy guide (Schwartz, Landrum, & Gurung, 2012)
and a more general work on referencing by Palgrave (Pears & Shields, 2010).
Bibliography
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association. (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Pears, R., & Shields, G. J. (2010). Cite them right : the essential referencing guide. (8th
ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schwartz, B. M., Landrum, R. E., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2012). An easyguide to APA style.
Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
In-text citations – formatting a quotation
Make sure you include the authors name, year of publication and
the page number.
• Sheehan (2011) states that “understanding that there are
different strategies for promoting productive employee
behaviour is important”. (p.99).
• ……..“understanding that there are different strategies for
promoting productive employee behaviour is important”.
(Sheehan, 2011, p.99).
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
Long Quotes
If the quotation is 40 words or more then do not use quotation marks, but
indent the quotation by half an inch on the left margin.
• Careful consideration of method is needed with data collection as it
... is a practical activity, one that has to be carried out with time,
spatial and resource constraints. It is therefore important to consider
how valid social research data can be collected effectively and
efficiently within those constraints. The history of social research has
included the development of a range of research ‘tools’ to help social
researchers to organise and manage the task of data collection.
(Matthews & Ross, 2010, p.181).
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
In-text citations – formatting a paraphrase or
summary
Provide the author and date of publication.
• ....current brand users will remember advertisements more
than non brand users (Romaniuk & Wight , 2009).
• Romaniuk and Wight (2009) reported that current brand users
will remember advertisements more than non brand users.
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
In-text citations - Two or more works
Provide the author and year of publication.
If the citation includes two or more works, you need to order
them in the same way they appear in the reference list.
• Campaign testing is recommended before an on-line viral
marketing campaign is launched (Lindgreen & Vanhamme,
2005; Spencer & Giles, 2000).
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
Books with more than 3-5 authors – In text citation
• First time cited: ...........(Oliver, Sapey, & Thomas, 2012)
• Subsequent citations: ........(Oliver et al., 2012) or Oliver et al.,
(2012).
In reference list - You must include all the authors
Oliver, M., Sapey, B., & Thomas, P. (2012). Social work with
disabled people. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
In-text citations – Works with Six or more authors
• If there are 6 or more authors, then you can use “et
al.” from the outset.
• Smith et al. (2006) found that….
• (Smith et al., 2006)
If there are eight or more authors...
• Watson, S., Gunasekara, G., Gedye, M., van Roy, Y., Ross, M., Longdin,
L., ... Brown, L. (2009). Law of business organisations (5th
ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Palatine Press.
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
Secondary referencing
Whenever possible you should use the original work. If this is not feasible,
you must make clear that you have not read the original by referring to the
work in which you found the reference. In the reference list only include
details of the work that you read.
In-text citation
• Kleinman (1996) cited in Cunningham-Burley (1998) has
argued...
or
• It is the non-professional arena that illness is first defined
(Kleinman, 1996, cited in Cunningham-Burley, 1998)
Information Services and Systems
Common queries
In text citations – Organizations / Corporate authors
When citing an organization, mention the organization in full the first time.
Subsequent mentions can be a recognised abbreviation of it , without the
date if there is no confusion.
• The guide produced by the American Psychological Association (APA,
2010)
• The APA guide stated that...
Information Services and Systems
Example Reference section
Malhotra, N. K., & Birks, D. F. (2007). Marketing research: an applied approach (3rd. ed.).
Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.
Mintel. (2011). Coffee shops – UK - February 2011. Mintel Oxygen Retrieved November,
2011, from Mintel International http://academic.mintel.com/
Palmer, A., & Koenig-Lewis, N. (2011). The effects of pre-enrolment emotions and peer
group interaction on students’ satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Management, 27
(11/12), 1208-1213. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2011.614955
Information Services and Systems
Tweets, blogs and other weird stuff
(use with caution!)
Check out the APA blog athttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/references/
Information Services and Systems
Class exercise
http://bit.ly/buslibrary
Information Services and Systems
Help is always available!
• Come and see us in the Library
• buslib@swansea.ac.uk
• 01792 295697
Images courtesy of:
h.Koppdelaney, .sarahwynne.
& Liminal Mike
On Flickr, used under CC licence