First Anatomy and
Physiology quiz/test on
MONDAY!!!
1- systems and functions
2- science you should already know and
why you need to know it
Overview of the Systems of the
Body

_________________: blood circulations
with heart and blood vessels

_________________: processing food
with mouth, stomach and intestines

__________________: communicating
within the body using hormones

___________________: defending against
disease-causing agents

____________________: skin, hair and
nails

_____________________: structures
involved in the transfer of lymph between
tissues and the blood stream

_______________________: moving the
body

___________________: collecting,
transferring and processing information
with brain and nerves

_________________: the sex organs

_________________: the organs used for
breathing, the lungs

_________________________: structural
support and protection through bones

__________________________: the
kidneys and associated structures involved
in the production and excretion of urine
Science you should already know
and why you need to review it.

Four macromolecules:
*
*
*
*
Why are carbs important?
Glucose is taken in by cells of the body
and broken down to obtain it’s energy
 Too much glucose gets stored in liver
 Not enough glucose, liver releases it
 Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake
 Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

Why are proteins important?
Main component of muscles (skeletal,
cardiac and smooth)
 Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase)
 Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous
impulse to transmit

Why are lipids important?
Main component of all cell membranes
 Many vitamins are fat soluble
 Cushioning and protection
 Too much or too little causes health
problems

Why are nucleic acids important?
DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of
you traits
 Genetic disorders are due to problems
with DNA sequences
 RNA helps to build proteins for the body

QUIZ time
1
2
3
4

–
–
–
–
Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Enzymes work by?
Lowering activation energy to break down
or put together molecules
 Why Important?

– Almost all chemical processes in the body are
driven by enzymes.
– If enzyme is not working = illness
 Ex. lactose intolerance
ATP is important because?
It is the key energy molecule that cells
use for driving chemical reactions
 Glucose is converted into many ATPs
 ATP does work for all cells

– Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle
contracts or a nerve cell fires
We eat and breathe because?
We eat and breathe because?
We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can
eventually energy for our cells (ATP)
 We breathe because oxygen is needed to
fully break down glucose into ATPs
 Food and oxygen is required for the
process of cellular respiration

Chemical equation for eating and
breathing
Chemical equation for cellular respiration
is
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +
energy(ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide +
Water + ATP
Exercising requires
Video
How do we heal?
The need to heal!
Mitosis is important because?
When cells are damaged or destroyed
mitosis is the process that replaces the
cells with new ones that are identical to
the old ones
 When an organism grows, mitosis is the
process that makes new cells

Draw and label a typical animal cell
below
An ion is?

Cation = positively charged ion due to a
loss of electrons
– Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+
and K+ needed for a nerve impulse

Anion = negatively charged ion due to
gain of electrons
– Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH
An isomer is?

Molecules with the same chemical formula
and often with the same kinds of bonds
between atoms, but in which the atoms
are arranged differently.
– Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but
they are different – your cells use glucose
directly but must convert fructose to use it
Difference between structural and
molecular formula is?
Structural formula is a graphical picture of
how a molecule is arranged
 Molecular formula is an expression of the
types and numbers of atoms in a molecule

– Glucose and fructose again as examples
Ionic bonds are?

An ionic bond is an electrical attraction
between two oppositely charged atoms or
groups of atoms
Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or
salt
 Important because these chemicals
disassociate easily in water and can then
be used to form ion gradients

Covalent bonds are?
Bonds formed between elements due to
sharing of electrons
 Very strong bonds
 Important because

– Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures
and macromolecules are carbon based
molecules
– When a covalent bond is broken – lots of
energy is released that can be used by the
cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)
Polar and non-polar molecules
differ because?
Polar molecules – “like” water, they
dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble
vitamins, ions)
 Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t
dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon
chains)
 Why important? Basis for cells even
existing, cell membrane is formed using
polar and non-polar molecules

MACROMOLECULES

4 Large Molecules Important to Life
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Stuff
to
know!
Chapter 2-1
Chapter 2-3
•Atomic #
•Atomic mass
•Atomic structure
•Ionic bonds
•Covalent bonds
•Hydrogen bonds
•Water chemistry
– Solutions,Solvents,pH
– polarity
•Carbon chem
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
•Proteins
•Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n
•Functions= provides energy (glucose
is energy source for cells

Monomers = monosaccharides
– Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose
(all 3 = C6H12O6 so they are isomer)

Two linked = disaccharides
– Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose)
and lactose

Polymer = polysaccharides
– Examples = glycogen (animals) starch
(plants)
Why “bulk-up” on carbs?
Why not eat carbs?
CONDENSATION REACTION
HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN?
H20
HYDROLYSIS
PROTEINS
Monomers = amino acids
 All amino acids have

– Amine group (NH2)
– Carboxyl group (COOH)

R-groups differ
Dipeptide
FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS
Structural
 Hormones
 Transport
 Histones
 ENZYMES!!!

Lock and Key Model
What symptoms would you have if
you had sickle cell anemia?
1 amino acid is wrong in the hemoglobin
sequence = mis-shaped RBCs
LIPIDS
MONOMERS = fatty acids
 Saturated


Unsaturated
COMPLEX

TRIGLYCERIDES

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

WAXES
FUNCTIONS

TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy
storage

PHOSPHOLIPDS – main component in cell
membranes
HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES

Fats such as cholesterol and saturated
fatty acids build up in arteries

What other factors contribute to
arteriosclerosis?
Concept Map
Section 2-3
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Proteins
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Section Outline
Section 2-2

2–2
Properties of Water
A.The Water Molecule
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonds
B.Solutions and Suspensions
1. Solutions
2. Suspensions
C.Acids, Bases, and pH
1.
2.
3.
4.
The pH Scale
Acids
Bases
Buffers
Hydrogen bonds
Caused by partial positive and negative
charges
 Water is best example

‫ﮦ‬+
‫ﮦ‬-
Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
ClCl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water
Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
ClCl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water
pH Scale
Increasingly Basic
Section 2-2
Increasingly Acidic
Neutral
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
H2O sometimes breaks down into
H+ and OH-
Interest Grabber continued
 1. What are the reactants when wood
Section 2-4
 Reactants are oxygen and cellulose.
burns?
2. What are the products when wood burns?
 Products are carbon dioxide and water
 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?
 Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention
sound (the crackling of a fire).

4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a
fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?
 To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling.
You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat.

5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you
need to keep restarting the fire?
 Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start
more of the wood burning.

Section Outline
Section 2-4

2–4 Chemical Reactions
and Enzymes
A.Chemical Reactions
B.Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C.Enzymes
D.
Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Effect of Enzymes
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with
enzyme
Products
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Enzyme/Substrate Complex
Valence electrons are important
because?
The electrons in the outermost shell of
atoms determine type of bonds to be
formed
 Also these electrons have potential energy
for our cells to use

– When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron
it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+
– Proton “pumps” keep cells working
Carbon is especially important to
life because?

Living organisms are carbon-based life
forms.
– The molecules that make up our cells (carbs,
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL
made out of carbon chains