Section 3
New American Diplomacy
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Under President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States increased its
power on the world stage.
Key Terms and Names
• sphere of influence
• Open Door policy
• Boxer Rebellion
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
• Roosevelt Corollary
• dollar diplomacy
• “Great White Fleet”
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about the increasing presence of the
United States in the world, complete a graphic organizer like the
one on page 408 of your textbook by listing the reasons President
Roosevelt gave for wanting a canal
in Central America.
Reading Objectives
• Critique Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy
as president.
• Explain the Open Door policy and its effects on relations
between the United States and Asia.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Continuity and Change The commercial interests of the United
States spurred its involvement in distant parts of the world, such
as China and Latin America.
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power
• In the 1900 election, President McKinley
defeated William Jennings Bryan by a
wide margin.
• On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot
President McKinley, who died a few days
later.
• Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley’s vice
president, became the youngest person
to become president.
(pages 408–409)
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power
(cont.)
• Roosevelt believed the United
States had a duty to shape the “less
civilized” parts of the world.
• He wanted the United States to
become a world power.
(pages 408–409)
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American Diplomacy in Asia
• In 1899 the United States was a major
power in Asia.
• Between 1895 and 1900, American
exports to China quadrupled.
• In 1894 war began between China and
Japan over what is now Korea.
• This ended in a Japanese victory.
• In the peace treaty, China gave Korea
independence and Japan territory in
Manchuria.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• The war showed that China was weaker
than people had thought, and that Japan
had successfully adopted Western
technology.
• Japan’s rising power worried Russia.
• Russia forced Japan to give back the part
of Manchuria to China and later made
China lease the territory to Russia.
• Leasing a territory meant it would still
belong to China but a foreign power
would have control.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• This leasehold became the center of a
sphere of influence, an area where a
foreign nation controlled economic
development such as railroad and
mining.
• President McKinley and Secretary of
State John Hay supported an Open Door
policy in China.
• They believed all countries should be
allowed to trade with China.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• Hay sent notes to countries with
leaseholds in China asking to keep ports
open to all nations.
• Hay expected all powers would abide by
this plan.
• Secret Chinese societies were organized
to end foreign control.
• Members of the Boxers started the Boxer
Rebellion.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• Group members invaded foreign
embassies in Beijing and killed more than
200 foreigners and took others prisoner.
• An international force stopped the
rebellion in August 1900.
• Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace
prize in 1906 for his efforts in ending the
war between Japan and Russia.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• After the peace treaty between Japan and
Russia, relations between the United
States and Japan worsened.
• Each nation wanted greater influence
in Asia.
• They agreed to respect each other’s
territorial possessions, to uphold the
Open Door policy, and to support
China’s independence.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• The Great White Fleet, 16 battleships of
the new United States Navy, was sent
around the world to show the country’s
military strength.
• Visiting Japan did not help the tension
that already existed.
(pages 409–411)
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American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
What did Roosevelt do to end the war
between Japan and Russia?
Roosevelt convinced Russia to recognize
Japan’s territorial gains, and he persuaded
Japan to stop fighting and seek no further
territory.
(pages 409–411)
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A Growing Presence in
the Caribbean
• In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
signed by the U.S. and Great Britain gave
the United States exclusive rights to build
and control any proposed canal through
Central America.
• A French company that had begun to
build a canal through Panama offered to
sell its rights and property in Panama to
the United States.
(pages 412–413)
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A Growing Presence in
the Caribbean (cont.)
• In 1903 Panama was still a part of
Colombia, which refused John Hay’s offer
to purchase the land and gain rights to
build the canal.
• Panamanians decided to declare their
independence from Colombia and make
their own deal with the United States to
build the canal.
• The short uprising against Colombia was
supported by the United States, which
sent ships to Panama to prevent
Colombia from interfering.
(pages 412–413)
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A Growing Presence in
the Caribbean (cont.)
• The United States recognized Panama’s
independence, and the two nations
signed a treaty to have the canal built.
• Construction of the 50-mile canal took
ten years.
• It shortened the distance from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean by about
8,000 nautical miles.
(pages 412–413)
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A Growing Presence in
the Caribbean (cont.)
• The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine stated that the United
States would intervene in Latin American
economic and political affairs when
necessary to maintain stability in the
Western Hemisphere.
• The corollary was first applied to the
Dominican Republic when it fell behind
in its debt payments to European nations.
• Latin American nations resented the
growing American influence.
(pages 412–413)
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A Growing Presence in
the Caribbean (cont.)
• The new president of the United States,
William Howard Taft, continued
Roosevelt’s policies.
• He believed that if American business
leaders supported Latin American
development, everyone would benefit.
• His policy came to be called dollar
diplomacy.
(pages 412–413)
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A Growing Presence in
the Caribbean (cont.)
How did the United States gain the rights to build the Panama
Canal?
Panamanians decided to declare their independence from Colombia
and make their own deal with the United States to build the canal.
The short uprising against Colombia was supported by the United
States that sent ships to Panama to prevent Colombia from
interfering. The United States recognized Panama’s independence,
and the two nations signed a treaty to have the canal built.
(pages 412–413)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions
on the left.
__
A 1.
__
C 2.
__
B 3.
section of a country where
one foreign nation enjoys
special rights and powers
a policy of joining the
business interests of a country
with its diplomatic interest
abroad
a policy that allowed each
foreign nation in China to
trade freely in the other
nations’ spheres of influence
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A. sphere of
influence
B. Open Door
policy
C. dollar
diplomacy
Reviewing Themes
Continuity and Change Why do you think Latin
American nations resented American influence in the
region?
Possible answers: They wanted the right to selfdetermination. They knew that America would act
in its own interests, not the interests of Latin
American countries.
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Critical Thinking
Analyzing How did the Open Door policy and dollar
diplomacy affect U.S. relations with other countries?
The Open Door policy kept China open to U.S.
trade. Dollar diplomacy generally created Latin
American resentment.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Graphs Examine the graph on page 409 of
your textbook. Why do you think such a small
number of U.S. exports went to China and Japan?
Possible answers: American products were in little
demand; the Chinese and Japanese could not afford
them.
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Close
Explain the Open Door policy and its
effects on relations between the United
States and Asia.