Biochemistry
Chapter 3
Water Review
Biochemistry
3-1 Carbon Compounds
3-2 Molecules of Life
Water
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonding
1. Cohesion= same
• High Specific Heat
2. Adhesion= different
• Universal Solvent
3. Capillarity
3.1 Carbon Compounds
1. Organic v. Inorganic
2. Carbon (C) Bonding
a. 4 covalent bonds!!
b. Arrangements: chain, branched chain,
ring
c. Single, double, triple bonds
Other Forms Carbon Takes
H H
H H
H C C H
H C C H
H C C H
ethene
(an alkene)
ethyne
(an alkyne)
H H
ethane
(an alkane)
Functional Groups
1. Hydroxyl Group
• (-OH)
• Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
• Alcohol
2. Carboxyl Group
• (-COOH)
• Acetic Acid
3. Amino Group
• (-NH2)
4. Phosphate
• (-PO4)
Large Carbon Molecules
1. Monomers: building blocks
2. Polymers: 2 or more monomers
covalently bonded
3. Macromolecules: Large polymers,
aka biomolecules
4. Carbohydrates: sugars & starches
a. Lipids: fats, oils, waxes
b. Proteins: enzymes
c. Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA
Biochemical Reactions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETu
U
1. Condensation Reaction- anabolic
• AKA Dehydration Synthesis
•
Monomer + monomer  Polymer + H2O
• Monosaccharides polysaccharides
• Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids
• Amino acids proteins
• Nucleotides nucleic acids
Condensation Reaction, aka
Dehydration Synthesis
ANABOLIC
Remove H2O
2 Monomers Bonded=
Polymer
Biochemical Reactions
2. Hydrolysis- CATABOLIC
•
Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer
• Polysaccharides monosaccharides
Add H2O
Separate polymer into:
2 monomers
ATP (Energy Currency)
• Adenosine Triphosphate= ATP
– Compound with energy body can USE
– 3 Phosphate groups attached
•3rd PO4 bond=STORE MOST ENERGY
3 Phosphate Groups
Energy Storing
AMP + P  ADP
ADP + P  ATP
Energy Releasing
ATP  ADP + P
ADP  AMP + P
ATP In More Detail
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=bbtqF
9q_pFw
3.2 Molecules of Life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
1.
2.
3.
4.
Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH2O)n
Monomer= monosaccharide
Polymer= polysaccharide
Functional Groups:
•
Hydroxyl (-OH)
5. Types:
1. Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose= isomers
2. Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose
3. Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen
6. Functions:
•
•
Easily accessible energy source (glucose)
Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)
Monosaccharides: Isomers
C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Who Makes What?
All disaccharides
Another…
Starch
Proteins
1. Elements: C, H, O, N
2. Monomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in
3.
body
Polymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein
•
Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°
4. Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH)
• Amino (-NH2)
• R-Group (group that changes & determines aa)
5. Types: muscles, hair and enzymes
•
•
Substrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit
Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp &
pH
6. Functions:
•
•
•
Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)
Structure
Transportation in/out of cell through channels
R Group
Amino Acid
(Glycine)
Amino Acid
(Alanine)
Amino
Carboxyl
• Polypeptides form
when three or
more amino acids
are joined
• Highly twisted
and bent due to
H-bonding
• Structure is
related to
function!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm75-PL4
http://kcassbiochem.wordpress.com/2013
/04/13/enzymes-crash-course/
Enzymes are affected by
Temperature:
– As temperature increases, enzyme activity
increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases
or stops. In humans, its 37° C.
– The active sites are denatured (altered)
pH:
Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in
stomach works best at 2
Concentration:
– As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of
activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate
increases, rate of reaction decreases
Lipids
1. Elements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1)
2. Monomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids
3. Polymers= triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids, waxes
4. Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH),
sometimes phosphate (-PO4)
5. Types: Saturated & Unsaturated
Triglycerides (TG) , Phospholipids (PL),
Waxes, Steroids
6. Functions:
• Stores 2x amount of energy as carbo’s:
long term
• Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)
• Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)
• Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids)
• Insulation
The Monomers of Lipids
Hydroxyl
groups
Carboxyl
group
Hydrocarbon chain
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
-COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is
attracted to water – Hydrophilic
The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is
Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.
Lipids: Triglycerides
Saturated v. Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride
Phospholipid Bilayer
Of Cell Membrane
Steroid: Cholesterol
Waxes
1 Fatty acid chain and a long
alcohol chain
Waterproofing, protective cuticle
on outside of plants, earwax
4 fused carbon rings with
functional group attached
Animal Hormones, testosterone,
estrogen, cholesterol (needed for
normal nerve cell
functioning)
Nucleic Acids
1. Elements: C, H, O, N, P
2. Monomers= Nucleotide
•
5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base
3. Polymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs.
ribose
Functional Group:
4.
•
Phosphate group (-PO4)
•
•
•
Genetic Information (DNA)
Controls cells’ activities (DNA)
Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis
(RNA)
5. Types: DNA (in nucleus), RNA
6. Functions:
Nucleotide & DNA