Anatomy and
Physiology for
Emergency Care
Chapter 14
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Objectives
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Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on
the basis of their structure and function
Explain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow
through arteries, capillaries, and veins
Discuss the mechanisms and various pressures
involved in the movement of fluids between
capillaries and interstitial spaces
Describe the factors that influence blood
pressure and the mechanisms that regulate
blood pressure
Objectives

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
Describe how central and local control
mechanisms interact to regulate blood flow and
pressure in tissues
Explain how the activities of the cardiac,
vasomotor, and respiratory centers are
coordinated to control blood flow through the
tissues
Explain how the circulatory system responds to
the demands of exercise and hemorrhaging
Objectives
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Identify the major arteries and veins and
the areas they serve
Describe the age-related changes that
occur in the cardiovascular system
Discuss the structural and functional
interactions among the cardiovascular
system and other body systems
The Anatomy of Blood Vessels

Structure of Vessel
Walls
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Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa
The Anatomy of Blood Vessels
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Arteries
Capillaries
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Capillary Beds
Veins
The Function of Valves in the
Venous System
Circulatory Physiology
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Pressure
Resistance
Vascular resistance
 Viscosity
 Turbulence

Circulatory Physiology

Circulatory Pressure
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Arterial blood pressure
Capillary pressures
Capillary dynamics
Venous pressure
Vital Signs
Cardiovascular Regulation
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Local factors
Neural mechanisms
Endocrine factors
Cardiovascular Regulation


Autoregulation of Blood Flow
Neural Control of BP and Blood Flow
Baroreceptor Reflexes
 Chemoreceptors
 Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain
Centers

The Carotid and Aortic Sinus
Baroreceptor Reflexes
The Chemoreceptor Reflexes
Cardiovascular Regulation

Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation
Angiotensin II
 Antidiuretic Hormone
 Erythropoietin
 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

The Regulation of Blood Volume
and Blood Pressure
Patterns of Cardiovascular
Response

Exercise and the Cardiovascular System
Extensive vasodilation occurs
 Venous return increases
 Cardiac output rises

Patterns of Cardiovascular
Response

Cardiovascular response to Hemorrhaging
Elevation of Blood Pressure
 Restoration of Blood Volume

The Blood Vessels

Pulmonary Circulation
The Blood Vessels

The Systemic Circulation

Systemic arteries
Arteries of the Aortic Arch
 Subclavian arteries
 Carotid artery and the Blood supply to the Brain
 Descending Aorta

Overview of the Arterial System
A Flow Chart Showing the
Arterial Distribution to the Head,
Chest, and Upper Limbs
Arteries of the Neck, Head, and
Brain
Major Arteries of the Trunk
Major Arteries of the Trunk
The Blood Vessels

Systemic Circulation

Systemic Veins
Superior Vena Cava
 Venous return from the Head and Neck
 Venous return from the Limbs and Chest
 Inferior Vena Cava
 Hepatic Portal System

An Overview of the Venous
System
Major Veins of the Head and
Neck
The Venous Drainage of the
Abdomen and Chest
A Flow Chart of the Circulation
to the Superior and Inferior Vena
Cava
The Hepatic Portal System
Blood Vessels
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Fetal Circulation
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Placental blood supply
Circulation in the Heart
and Great Vessels
Circulatory changes at
birth
Aging and the Cardiovascular
System
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Blood
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Decreased hematocrit
Constriction or blockage of peripheral veins by the
formation of a thrombus
Pooling of the blood in the veins of the legs
Heart
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Reduction in CO
Changes in the nodal and conducting cells
Atherosclerosis
Reduction in elasticity of the fibrous skeleton
Replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by
scar tissue
Aging and the Cardiovascular
System

Blood Vessels
Inelastic walls of arteries
 Calcium salt deposits
 Thrombi formation

Integration with Other Systems
Summary
Emergency Care
Applications
Chapter 14
Overview
Aneurysm


Abdominal Aortic
Aneurysm
Dissecting Aneurysm
Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Acute Arterial Occlusion

Five P’s
Pain
 Pallor
 Pulselessness
 Paresthesia
 Paralysis
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Vasculitis
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Inflammatory process segmental
Necrosis
Hypertrophy
Can lead to partial or total occlusion
Vascular Trauma


Traumatic Aneurysm
or Rupture of the
Aorta
Other Vascular
Injuries
Summary