Do Now • 1. No living organism lives in isolation. What evidence do you have that living things require each other? (Provide 3 examples) • 2. What area of biology studies this? ECOLOGY Chapter 2 Objectives: • Explain what ecologists study. • Determine the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. • List and describe the different levels of organization. Introduction Activity!! Make a list of your observation from this clip!. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXjI2kuNkhE What is Ecology? • Ecology – Study of relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments – Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods Abiotic vs. Biotic Biotic Factors: – Living factors in an organism’s environment – Ex. Abiotic Factors: Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment Ex. *Organisms depend on and adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment.* Think-Pair-Share • List the abiotic and biotic factors in this environment. Try to list at least 3 each. Levels of Organization • Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. – Organism – Population – Community – Ecosystem – Biome – Biosphere 1. Organism • A single living thing • Ex. 2. Population • Several organisms of the same species sharing space at the same time • Ex. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljqgyJx tdU0 3. Community • Group of interacting organisms sharing space at the same time • Ex. 4. Ecosystem • Biological Community and abiotic factors in it • Ex. 5. Biome • Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and similar types of communities • Ex. 6. Biosphere • Part of Earth that supports life Think-Pair-Share • Come up with an analogy starting with your favorite animal for each level of organization. Think-Pair-Share • How do you think scientists study ecology? • Design an experiment for the following: – A. Measure the effect of algae on a goldfish population in Lake Erie – B. Venus fly traps react to rising carbon dioxide emissions in the rainforest – C. Research what happens when a gap in the forest is formed. Do Now • List the abiotic and biotic factors in this picture (3 of each!) Objectives • SWBAT differentiate between habitat and niche • SWBAT provide examples of symbiotic, competition, and predation relationships. • SWBAT differentiate between commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Lets Review… • What are the levels of organization in ecology? **Simplest to most complex*** Ecosystem Interactions • A habitat is an area where an organism lives. • A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment. – How it meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Community Interactions • 1) Competition Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time (ex: prey, soil, sunlight) – Intraspecific: competition between organisms of the same species. – Interspecific: competition between organisms of different species. Examples of Competition • Interspecifichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38nw Q0ydExs • Intraspecific– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgScjtO5iE&feature=related – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDhNutb XpFE Community Interactions • 2) Predation: An individual of one species, called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species called the prey. Predation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY1ka Hz3OA0 Community Interactions 3) Symbiotic Relationships: when 2 or more organisms live together. - Mutualism - Commensalism - Parasitism Mutualism *Both organisms benefit* Commensalism *One species benefits, the other is unaffected* Parasitism *Host is harmed and the parasite benefits* Parasitism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0rk5z h7RaE • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/3 0/giant-leech-wormvideo_n_5902248.html Symbiosis • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL 2F1t81Q Do Now • Please grab white boards. • Then define Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism What type of symbiosis? • Humming birds feed on nectar from flowers. Flowers are pollinated. What type of symbiosis? • Snapping shrimp have poor vision and depend on their goby fish roommate to give the danger signal when predators come. Goby fish who don’t have a place to hide are quickly eaten. The find a snapping shrimp roommate who digs a hole form them both to live. What type of symbiosis? • Athlete’s foot fungus lives on the skin of humans and feeds on a protein called keratin. Humans have itchy, cracked skin which can become infected. What type of symbiosis? • Snails die and leave behind their shells. Hermit crabs find shells left by snails.. Let’s try some examples The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______. A. predation B. parasitism C. commensalism D. mutualism Which are biotic factors in a forest environment? A. plants and microscopic organisms living in the soil B. pH and salt concentration of the soil C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients D. temperature, air currents and rainfall What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time? A. ecosystem B. habitat C. biological community D. biotic collection Which defines habitat? A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem B. an area where an organism lives C. an area in which various species interact D. the role or position that an organism has Practice! • Get with a partner and work on a review of section 2.1 • SAVE THIS WORKSHEET! WE WILL FINISH IT TOMORROW Match the following types of relationships to their examples A. Commensalism 1. Hawks eat small snakes. B .Mutualism 2. Leeches drain away your lifeblood and leave you with a scar. C. Predation 3. Frog sits on a lilly pad to help it reach it’s prey. The lilly pad is not harmed. D. Parasitism 4. The bacteria that live in tree roots create a source of usable nitrogen for the tree and a safe environment for the bacteria. E. Competition 5. Several species of birds use the same trees to nest. Do Now Lab • What is a food web? • What types of organisms are shown in a food web? • Draw a food web with 5 organisms in it (you don’t have to draw the organisms just the arrows) Objectives • To explain how organisms get their energy. • To define the different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs. • To construct a food web. Organization of Matter and Energy • Autotrophs- make their own food (chemosynthesis and photosynthesis) • Heterotrophs- consume other organisms for energy Autotrophs are also known as Producers Consumers Herbivores- eat ONLY producers Consumers Carnivores- eat ONLY other consumers Consumers Omnivores- consume plants and animals Consumers • ScavengersFeed on dead animal and plant material • Detritivores Feed on the “garbage” in the ecosystem • Decomposers Release digestive enzymes Scavengers Feed on organisms that have recently died Decomposers Break down complex molecules • Make nutrients available to autotrophs • Recyclers Practice • Get with a partner and work on a review on section 2.1!! Do Now • Identify the following as either: Autotroph, Heterotroph, Detritivore, Decomposer, or Scavenger Organization of Matter and Energy • Food Chain models the energy flow through an ecosystem. • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food. • Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Food Chain – Flow of Energy Snake Energy Mouse Energy Grass But as food is eaten, heat is released! Snake Energy Mouse Energy Grass Food Web • A food web – is interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. • A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW7P lTaawfQ Think-Pair-Share • 1. With the person sitting next to you.. Create a food chain with at least 4 different levels. • Must include Grass. • 2. SWITCH partners and combine your 3 food chains to form a food web. Conclusion Activity Do Now • Match the following types of relationships to their examples A. Commensalism 1. Hawks eat small snakes. B .Mutualism 2. Leeches drain away your lifeblood and leave you with a scar. C. Predation 3. Frog sits on a lilly pad to help it reach it’s prey. The lilly pad is not harmed. D. Parasitism 4. The bacteria that live in tree roots create a source of usable nitrogen for the tree and a safe environment for the bacteria. E. Competition 5. Several species of birds use the same trees to nest. Objectives – To explain what an ecological pyramid is and what information it can give us. – To understand the water cycle and it’s impact on life. – To determine how both carbon and nitrogen are used and cycled. Ecological Pyramids Diagram that can show the relative amounts of: energy biomass numbers of organisms AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL! Biomass- Total mass of living matter at each trophic level Ecological Pyramids • 90% of all energy is not transferred to the level above (energy is consumed at current level) • Bio mass and # of organisms decrease at each level Practice! • Please complete section 2.2 of the review worksheet! Cycles – Biogeochemical cycle- exchange of matter through the biosphere. – Energy is transformed into usable forms – Cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves • Matter in living organisms • Physical processes found in the environment – Ex. weathering QUICK! Q: Why is it important to living organisms that nutrients cycle? A: Cycling makes nutrients available for other organisms to use. Q: What would happen if matter bound in living matter and never recycled? A: Nutrients would eventually be depleted and life would cease to exist! Water cycle – Who remembers the water cycle from last year? What processes are involved? Water cycle Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil. • Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen. • Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: 1. Animals urinate. 2. Organisms die. 3. Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds. (Nitrogen Fixation) 4. Denitrification: take fixed nitrogen and convert it back to gas Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen – needed to make proteins • Conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen Fixation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NKGS4b j7cc Do Now • How do humans influence the environment? • Is this positive or negative? • List some examples! Human Impact • Humans have influenced about 83% of Earth’s surface: – Does this seem like a lot or a little? – Some areas are more vulnerable than others why? Human Impact • Global population trends have an impact: • Today’s global population approx. 7 billion people • Year 2300=36 billion • How will a growing population affect people’s access to food, water, and fuel? Wildlife habitats? Activity! • You may work with a partner, or work individually. • If you finish early, you may begin on your homework by measuring your own ecological footprint!