The Endocrine System
)‫سيستم اندوکرين (دستگاه هورمون ها‬
EO 003.01 Part 12
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Lesson Overview
‫نکات آموزشى‬
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2.
3.
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5.
6.
7.
Function of the Endocrine System
Function of Hormones
Anatomy of the Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands
Control of Hormone Release
Disorders of the Endocrine System
In-class Assignment
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Function of the Endocrine System
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A system of glands that secrete
hormones into the blood stream in
order to maintain balance in the body.
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A hormone is a chemical released by a
gland, or an organ in one part of the
body that affects another part of the
body.
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The Endocrine System
‫سيستم اندوکرين‬
•
•
•
Endocrine and nervous systems work
together
Endocrine system
• hormones released into the
bloodstream travel throughout the
body
• results may take hours, but last
longer
Nervous system
• certain parts release hormones into
blood
• rest release neurotransmitters to
excite or inhibit nerve, muscle &
gland cells
• results in milliseconds, brief duration
of effects
‫•سيستم هورمون ها و اعصاب باهم يکجا کار‬
‫ميکنند‬
‫•سيستم اندوکرين‬
‫•هورمون هاى آزادشده در جريان خون به‬
‫تمام بدن منتشر ميشوند‬
‫ اما‬،‫•نتايج ممکن است ساعت ها طول بکشد‬
‫دير دوام ميکند‬
‫•سيستم عصبى‬
‫ هورمون ها را به‬،‫•بخش هاى معين آن‬
‫جريان خون آزاد ميسازند‬
‫•باقيمانده انتقال دهنده هاى عصبى را آزاد‬
‫ سبب تحريک يا مانع حجرات‬،‫ساخته‬
‫ عضلى و غدوات ميشود‬،‫عصبى‬
‫•نتيجه در هزارم ثانيه و تأثير کوتاه مدت‬
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General Functions of Hormones
‫وظايف عمومى هورمون ها‬
•
•
•
Help regulate:
• Metabolism
• contraction of cardiac &
smooth muscle
• glandular secretion
• some immune functions
Growth & development
Reproduction
•
•
•
‫کمک در تنظيم‬:
• )‫ميتابوليزم (استقالب‬
• ‫انقباض عضالت قلبى و‬
‫صاف‬
• ‫ترشحات غدوى‬
• ‫بعضى از وظايف دفاعى‬
‫رشد و انکشاف‬
)‫تناسل (توليد مثل‬
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Hormone Receptors
Hormones only affect target cells with specific membrane proteins called receptors
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‫آخذه هاى هورمونى‬
‫هورمون ها تنها بر آن حجرات هدف مؤثر دارند که داراى غشاى پروتئينى مخصوص‬
‫بنام آخذه ها‪ ،‬ميباشند‬
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Anatomy of the Endocrine System
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‫‪Endocrine Glands Defined‬‬
‫تعريف غدوات اندوکرين‬
‫‪Exocrine glands‬‬
‫•غدوات داراى ترشحات خارجى (ايکزوکرين)‬
‫•توليدات خود را به قنوات (کانال هاى کوچکى) ترشح ‪• secrete products into ducts which‬‬
‫‪empty into body cavities or body‬‬
‫ميکنند که به حفره ها يا سطح بدن خالى ميشوند‬
‫‪surface‬‬
‫•عرق‪ ،‬چربى‪ ،‬مخاط‪ ،‬و غدوات هاضمه‬
‫‪• sweat, oil, mucous, & digestive‬‬
‫•غدوات اندوکرين (داراى ترشحات داخلى)‬
‫‪glands‬‬
‫•توليدات خود (هورمون ها) را به جريان خون ترشح‬
‫‪Endocrine glands‬‬
‫ميکنند‬
‫‪• secrete products (hormones) into‬‬
‫•هيپوفيز‪ ،‬تيروئيد‪ ،‬پاراتيروئيد‪ ،‬ادرينال‪ ،‬ايپى فيز و‬
‫‪bloodstream‬‬
‫اعضاى ديگر بحيث وظيفۀ ثانوى‪ ،‬هورمون ها را‬
‫‪• pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,‬‬
‫ترشح ميکنند‬
‫‪adrenal, pineal‬‬
‫•هايپوتلموس‪ ،‬تيموس‪ ،‬پانقراس‪ ،‬تخمدان ها‪،‬‬
‫بيضه ها‪ ،‬کليه ها (گرده ها)‪ ،‬معده‪ ،‬جگر (کبد)‪• other organs secrete hormones as a ،‬‬
‫‪2nd function‬‬
‫امعاى کوچک‪ ،‬جلد‪ ،‬قلب و پالسنتا‬
‫‪• hypothalamus, thymus,‬‬
‫‪pancreas, ovaries, testes,‬‬
‫‪kidneys, stomach, liver, small‬‬
‫& ‪intestine, skin, heart‬‬
‫‪placenta‬‬
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Both are master endocrine glands
since their hormones control other
endocrine glands. Pituitary gland also
secretes hormones that control growth.
Thyroid
Produces thyroid hormones which are
‫هايپوتلموس و غدۀ نخاميه‬
‫ چون‬،‫•هردو غدۀ اندوکرين عمده اند‬
‫ غدوات اندوکرين ديگر‬،‫هورمون هاى شان‬
‫را کنترول ميکنند‬
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responsible for our metabolic rate.
Parathyroid
Produces hormones which control
calcium absorption.
Alimentary Tract
(Stomach, Duodenum, Liver, Kidney and Pancreas)
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Secrete hormones that aid in
digestion/absorption of various nutrients
(i.e. insulin which allows cells to absorb
sugar)
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Adrenal Glands
Secrete hormones that regulate kidney
function as well as releasing hormones
in response to stress.
Reproductive Glands
(Testes, Ovaries)
Testes – produce testosterone, which
promotes development of male sex
characteristics (i.e. beard growth).
Ovaries – produce estrogen, which
promotes the development of female
sex characteristics and controls the
menstrual cycle and prepares for milk
production.
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)‫•بيضه ها (خصيه ها‬
‫• تيستيستيرون توليد ميکند‬
‫• توليد سپرم و خصوصيات جنسى‬
‫ثانوى را تنظيم ميکند‬
‫•تخمدان ها‬
،‫ پروجسترون‬،‫• ايستروجن‬
‫ريلکسين و انهيبين‬
‫• دورۀ قاعدگى را تنظيم نموده‬
‫حمل را نگهداشته و غدوات سينه‬
‫را براى شيردادن آماده ميسازد‬
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Miscellaneous Hormones
‫ هورمون هاى مختلفۀ آيکوسانوئيد ها‬.
•
Local hormones released by all body
cells
•
Leukotrienes influence WBCs &
inflammation
•
Prostaglandins alter
•
smooth muscle contraction,
glandular secretion, blood flow,
platelet function, nerve
transmission, metabolism etc.
‫•هورمون هاى محلى توسط تمام حجرات بدن‬
‫آزاد ميشوند‬
‫•ليوکوترائينز بر کرويات سفيد خون و التهاب‬
‫نفوذ دارد‬
‫•پروستاگلندين ها تغير ميدهد‬
‫ ترشحات‬،‫انقباض عضالت ساده‬
‫ وظايف‬،‫ جريان خون‬،‫غدوات‬
،‫ انتقال عصبى‬،‫صفحات دموى‬
‫استقالب و غيره‬
•
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Control of Hormone Secretion
‫کنترول ترشحات هورمون‬
•
Regulated by signals from nervous
system, chemical changes in the
blood or by other hormones
•
Negative feedback control (most
common)
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•
Positive feedback control
•
•
decrease/increase in blood level
is reversed
the change produced by the
hormone causes more hormone
to be released
Disorders involve either
hyposecretion or hypersecretion of a
hormone
)‫•تنظيم شده توسط عالمات (سيگنال هاى‬
‫ تغيرات کيمياوى در خون و يا‬،‫سيستم عصبى‬
‫هورمون هاى ديگر‬
‫•کنترول عکس العمل منفى (بصورت بسيار عا‬
)‫م‬
‫ازدياد سطح خون معکوس شده‬/‫• تقليل‬
‫است‬
‫•کنترول عکس العمل مثبت‬
،‫• تغيرات توليد شده توسط هورمون ها‬
‫سبب آزاد شدن هورمون هاى بيشتر‬
‫ميشود‬
‫•تشوشات يا اختالالت شامل کمبود و يا هم‬
‫ازدياد ترشح هورمون ميباشد‬
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Disorders of the Endocrine System
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Dwarfism
Thyroid Disorders
Diabetes
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Pituitary Gland Disorders
‫تشوشات غدۀ نخاميه‬
•
Hypo secretion during childhood =
pituitary dwarfism (proportional,
childlike body)
•
Hyper secretion during childhood =
giantism
•
•
very tall, normal proportions
Hyper secretion as adult =
acromegaly
•
growth of hands, feet, facial
features & thickening of skin
‫•کمبود ترشحات در دوران کودکى = کوتاه‬
)‫قدى نخامى (دوارفيزم‬
‫•ازدياد ترشحات دوران کودکى = غول‬
)‫پيکرى (افزايش غير عادى رشد‬
‫ تناسب نورمال‬،‫• خيلى طويل‬
‫•ازدياد ترشحات در کاهالن = اکروميگالى‬
)‫(بزرگى غير عادى روى و دست ها و پاها‬
‫ روى و ضخيم‬،‫ پاها‬،‫• رشد دست ها‬
‫شدن جلد‬
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Acromegaly
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
‫تشوشات غدۀ تيروئيد‬
•
Hypothyroidism in adult produces
sensitivity to cold, low body temp
weight gain & mental dullness
•
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
•
•
weight loss, nervousness, tremor
& exophthalmos (edema behind
eyes)
Goiter = enlarged thyroid (dietary)
‫•کم شدن فعاليت غدۀ تيروئيد (درقيه) در بالغان‬
‫ کم شدن درجۀ‬،‫سبب حساسيت به مقابل سردى‬
‫ زياد شدن وزن و کندى دماغى ميشود‬،‫حرارت‬
‫•زيادشدن فعاليت غدۀ تيروئيد‬
‫ لرزه و‬،‫ عصبى بودن‬،‫• باختن وزن‬
‫برامدن چشم ها (پنديدگى عقب چشم‬
)‫ها‬
‫•جاغور = کالن شدن غدۀ تيروئيد (مربوط به‬
)‫غذا‬
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Diabetes Mellitus & Hyperinsulinism
‫مرض قند و ازدياد انسولين‬
•
Diabetes mellitus marked by
hyperglycemia (high blood suger)
•
excessive urine production
•
excessive thirst
•
excessive eating
•
Type I----deficiency of insulin (under 20)
•
Type II---adult onset
•
cells may be less sensitive to
hormone
‫ با تشخيص ازدياد مقدار قند خون‬،‫•مرض قند‬
‫• توليد ادرار بيش از حد‬
‫• تشنگى بيش از حد‬
‫• گرسنگى بيش از حد‬
)‫ سال‬٢٠ ‫فقدان انسولين (پائينتر از‬--- ‫•نوع اول‬
‫وقوع در بالغان‬--- ‫•نوع دوم‬
‫حجرات شايد بمقابل هورمون کمتر حساس‬
‫باشند‬
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•
Questions?
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In-class Assignment
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1. What is the function of the Endocrine System?
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A) To secrete hormones that
maintain balance in the
body.
B) Allow for movement
C) Absorb nutrients
D) Provide Oxygen to the
blood.
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1. Answer: What is the function of the Endocrine System?
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A) To secrete hormones that
maintain balance in the
body.
B) Allow for movement
C) Absorb nutrients
D) Provide Oxygen to the
blood.
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2. Which of the following statements are correct?
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A) The endocrine and nervous
system do NOT work
together.
B) The nervous system does
NOT cause the release of
hormones.
C) Hormones released by the
endocrine system achieve
results in milliseconds
D) Hormones are released from
special glands called
endocrine glands.
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2. Which of the following statements are correct?
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A) The endocrine and nervous
system do NOT work
together.
B) The nervous system does
NOT cause the release of
hormones.
C) Hormones released by the
endocrine system achieve
results in milliseconds
D) Hormones are released from
special glands called
endocrine glands.
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3. Which of the following is not a function of hormones?
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A) Regulate metabolism
B) Regulate growth and
development
C) Reproduction
D) All the above are functions
of hormones
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3. Which of the following is not a function of hormones?
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A) Regulate metabolism
B) Regulate growth and
development
C) Reproduction
D) All the above are functions
of hormones
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4. Match the gland with its function
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A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Hypothalamus
Ovaries
Adrenal gland
Testes
Pituitary gland
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1) Growth and development
2) Female sex hormones and
reproduction
3) Master gland
4) Kidney function and stress
hormones
5) Male sex hormones and
reproduction
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4. Answer: Match the gland with its function
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A) Hypothalamus (3) Master Gland
B) Ovaries (2) Female sex hormones
and reproduction
C) Adrenal gland (4) kidney function
and stress hormones
D) Testes (5) male sex hormones and
reproduction
E) Pituitary gland (1) Growth and
development
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5. Fill in the blank with hyper or hypo
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A) Dwarfism is caused by
_____secretion by the
pituitary gland.
B) Diabetes is caused by
_____secretion of insulin.
C) _____thyroidism is
characterized by weight
gain, mental dullness and
sensitivity to the cold.
D) ______thyroidism is
characterized by weight
loss, sometimes bulging
eyes and tremor.
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5. Fill in the blank with hyper or hypo
(Insert Dari)
A) Dwarfism is caused by hypo
secretion by the pituitary
gland.
B) Diabetes is caused by hypo
secretion of insulin.
C) Hypothyroidism is
characterized by weight
gain, mental dullness and
sensitivity to the cold.
D) Hyperthyroidism is
characterized by weight
loss, sometimes bulging
eyes and tremor.
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