Why do we classify organisms?
1. Help us to organize organisms so that they can be easily found
and determine their similarities and differences.
2. Identify the unknown species.
3. Assign names to organism.
4. Make the study of a wide variety of organism easy.
A method of grouping things
according to certain characteristics or properties.
Characteristic
- being a feature that helps to distinguish a
person or thing.
Example
The stripes that are characteristic
of the zebra.
An organism
is generally referred to any living thing
such as animal, fungus, micro-organism, or plant.
The process of nourishing or being nourished, especially
the process by which a living organism assimilates food
and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues.
Animals that eat only fresh meat
Animals that eat only plants
Animals that eat both meat and plants
An organism that cannot synthesize its own food
and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition.
An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic
substances, using light or chemical energy.
Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.
The sexual or asexual process by which organisms generate new
individuals of the same kind; procreation.
The division of a cell into two daughter cells
with the same genetic material.
Reproduction by means of a cell or
organism dividing into two or more
new cells or organisms
A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of female
gamete (ovum) and male gamete (spermatozoon),
which forms a zygote that potentially develops into
genetically distinct offspring.
A form of reproduction that does not
involve meiosis, ploidy reduction or fertilization,
and the offspring is a clone of the parent organism ; because of
no exchange of genetic material.
consisting of a single cell or only one cell
Made up of only one cell
Having or consisting of many cells
A microscopic single-celled organism which has neither
a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized
organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria.
an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material
is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct
nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the
eubacteria and archaea.
5. Kingdom Monera
- made up of bacteria
Examples:
Bacteria
• Bacteria are the simplest of all living organisms
• They are very small ( A thousand bacteria can sit side
by side in just 1 millimeter)
• Bacteria were among the first life forms on Earth.
1. Bacteria posses a cell wall but do not have nucleus.
2. They are not completed cells.
Organisms whose cells lack
a membrane-bound nucleus
3. Bacteria is unicellular organism (or single cell.)
Having or consisting of only one cell.
4. Bacteria can move freely from one place to another.
Some kinds of bacteria move by using Flagella.
The word flagellum in Latin means whip
5. Some of Bacteria can make their own food
but some cannot. Some get food from dead
and decaying matter.
Blue-green bacteria
(algae)
can make their own
food called
Autotroph
Bacteria that cannot make
their own food called Heterotroph
6. Bacteria can be found everywhere.
7. Bacteria reproduce by cell division or binary fission.
Cell Division or Binary Fission
Bacteria have 3 major shapes:
cocci, bacilli and spirilla
Cocci
(spherical)
Bacilli
(rod-shaped)
Spirilla
(twisted)
Cocci may remain attached after cell division.
These group characteristics are often used to help identify certain cocci.
may be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side.
Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing are called
.
Cocci that remain in chains after dividing are called streptococci.
Cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters or
sheets are called staphylococci.
Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are called
tetrads.
Cocci that divide in three planes and remain in groups cube like
groups of eight are called sarcinae.
Bacillus is a shape (rod shaped) but there is also a genus
of bacteria with the name Bacillus.
Most bacilli appear as single rods.
Diplobacilli appear in pairs after division.
Streptobacilli appear in chains after division.
Some bacilli are so short and fat that they look like cocci
and are referred to as coccobacilli.
Spiral bacteria have one or more twists.
Spirilla have a helical shape and fairly rigid bodies.
Vibrios look like curved rods.
Spirochetes have a helical shape and flexible bodies. Spirochetes
move by means of axial filaments,
which look like flagella contained beneath
a flexible external sheath.
• Stella are star-shaped.
• Haloarcula, a genus of halophilic archaea,
arerectangular.
Useful of Bacteria
Help in returning milk
into yogurt or cheese
Help to produce drugs to fight disease
bacterial vaccines
Antibacterial antibiotics
Most bacteria are completely harmless.
However certain types are responsible for causing a variety of
diseases in human, plants and animals
Controlling Bacteria
Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things
Examples
Iodine, Hydrogen peroxide, Alcohol, Soap,
Mouthwash
Disinfectants - stronger chemicals that destroy
bacteria on objects or nonliving things
Characteristics of Bacteria
1. Prokaryotes – means have no true nucleus
2. They are not completed cells
3. Some are autotrophs and some heterotrophs
4. Bacteria can found everywhere.
5. They can move freely from one place to another place.
6. They reproduce by cell division or binary fission
7. Most are useful or harmless.