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Define and explain motivation
Distinguish between motivation and
satisfaction
Discuss the process of motivation
Types of motivation
Discuss some leading theories of motivation
Some definitions
1. Motivation means a process of stimulating people to
action to accomplish desired goals- W.G.Scott.
2.
Motivation is the process of attempting to influence
others to do your will through the possibility of gain
or reward. – Edwin B. Flippo.
3.
Motivation is the need or drive within an
individual that urges him towards goal-oriented
action
Motivation ≠ Satisfaction
Motivation is Drive and Effort to satisfy a want
or a goal
Satisfaction is the Contentment experienced
when a want is satisfied
The Motivation Process
1. Awareness of Need
2. Search for Action
3. Fulfillment of Need
4.Discovery of New Need
The Motivation Process
Types of Motivation
Motivation can be classified on the basis of:
1. Approach
(Positive, Negative).
2. Incentives
(Financial, Non-financial).
3. Nature
(Extrinsic, Intrinsic).
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Positive Motivation
 Rewards and incentive for employees
 Necessary facilities
 Awards for best performance
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Negative Motivation
 Fear
 Punishment
 Demotion
 Layoff
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Financial Motivation
 Monitory benefits
▪ Wages and salaries
▪ Bonus
▪ Fringe benefits
▪ Retirement benefits
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Non Financial Motivation
 Recognition
 Greater involvement in decision-making
 Responsibility
 Challenging job
 Praise
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Extrinsic Motivation
 Allowances
 Bonuses
 Fringe benefits
 Free housing
 Medical care
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Intrinsic Motivation
 Status
 Authority
 Challenging job
 Participation in decision-making
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
2. McGregor’s X andY Theories
3. Ouchi’s Z theory
4. Herzberg’s Two-factor theory
5. McClelland’s Need theory
6. Vroom’s Expectancy theory.
7.Adelfer’s ERG theory
THEORY
X
1. People, in general, dislike work. They
avoid their duties and are basically
lazy.
2. Most people are un-ambitious. They do
not voluntarily accept any
responsibility.
3. Most people lack creativity. They show
no preference for learning anything
new factors.
4. Satisfaction of physiological and safety
needs alone is important for most
people. Workers in general are only
bothered about their salary, job
security and such other extrinsic
factors.
5. While at work, an employee needs to
be closely supervised and watched.
THEORY
Y
1. People are not averse to work. Given the proper
working conditions the workers would do their
work with the kind of enthusiasm. They show for
their other activities like playing and eating.
2. Workers are ambitious and they do come forward to
accept responsibility.
3. Workers do have the potentials to be creative. If the
management has a positive outlook, it will
certainly encourage the workers to display their
creative ideas and skills.
4. It is not correct to assume that only satisfaction of
physiological and safety needs are important for
most workers. The workers do many things to have
their ego satisfied. There are workers with
tremendous potentials who want to work to their
maximum capabilities.
5. Workers need not be directed and closely
supervised. They are good in what is called ‘selfdirection’.
THEORY X MANAGERS
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Have little regard for
people
Tend to be very
authoritarian
Generally unlikely to
motivate anyone to work
willingly and well
THEORY Y MANAGERS
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Pay attention to individual
needs
Unlikely to be authoritarian
Boost morale of workers
through incentives and
rewards
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
Human behaviour is directed towards the
satisfaction of certain needs.
(i) Physiological Needs
(ii) Safety Needs
(iii) Social Needs
(iv) Esteem Needs and
(v) Self-actualization Needs
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Physiological Needs
 Food
 Clothing
 Shelter
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Safety Needs
 Security of job / employment; resources; family;
property; health
 Protection
 Law and order
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Social Needs
 Friendship
 Association
 Affection
 Love
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Esteem Needs
 Ego
 Status
 Recognition
 Self respect by others
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Self –Actualization Needs
 The need to achieve our full potential
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Herzberg, a clinical psychologist and pioneer
of “job enrichment,” developed his
motivation theory during his investigation of
200 accountants and engineers in the USA.
People are influenced by two factors:
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Hygiene factors are needed to ensure an
employee does not become dissatisfied. They
do not lead to higher levels of motivation, but
without them there is dissatisfaction.
Motivation factors are needed in order to
motivate an employee into higher
performance. These factors result from
internal generators in employees.
Examples of “Hygiene” Needs or Maintenance Factors
 The organization, its policies & administration
 Kind of supervision (leadership & management, including
perceptions)
 Relationship with supervisor
 Work conditions (including ergonomics)
 Salary
 Status
 Job security
 Interpersonal relations
Hygiene Needs
 People will strive to achieve “hygiene” needs
because they are unhappy without them, but
once satisfied, the effect soon wears off –
satisfaction is temporary. (Chapman)
 Parallels with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Motivational Model
True Motivators
 Achievement
 Recognition for achievement
 Work itself (interest in the task)
 Responsibility
 Growth and advancement