Using Your Handout (for your homework) of
“War is the Health of the State,” answer
the following questions:
• (1) Page 361: second to bottom paragraph: What did
neutrality mean to President Wilson?
• (2) Page 365: very top of page: What did the Akron
Beacon Journal say about the nation’s feelings about
this World War One?
• (3) Page 365: What was the purpose of the Espionage
Act of 1917?
• (4) Page 370: very top of page: What was the
response of many citizens to “selective service?”
Peace Conference
Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World
• Enthusiastic
response …
• Allies wanted
to punish
Germany!!
• Tremendous
consequences
for Germany
(list these) …
Consequences of Treaty
• (1) Completely changes the map of Europe
Consequences of Treaty
Consequences of Treaty
• (2) Completely changes the map of Middle East,
Mandate System
Consequences of Treaty
• (3) Severe punishment of Germany: including,
war guilt clause & war reparations
"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany
accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for
causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and
Associated Governments …”
• (4) Allied Powers take over German colonies
Consequences of WWI
• (1) Creates conditions for future wars … In
Europe
(Germany war guilt, reparations, loss of colonies & land, and disbanding
military) …
In Middle East (promises to many ethnic groups)
• (2) End of four empires (Germany, Russia, Ottoman Empire, and
Austria-Hungary)
• (3) Completely new maps in Europe and the Middle
East (Nine new nations in Europe & Mandate System)
• (4) Tremendous loss of life, more than 17 million
deaths (Military and civilians)
• (5) Expands power of governments over Economies
• (6) Economic prosperity for the United States
U.S. Rejects Treaty
• Senate has to ratify
treaties
• Mistakes by
President Wilson …
• Reasons why did not
join …
Sinking of the Lusitania
• Read the Handout …
• How does the sinking of the Lusitania change
American sentiment and President Wilson’s
stance of neutrality during WWI?
•Let’s Review
• Why Not?????
The West
• (1) The mechanization of agriculture
in the United States led directly to …
Settling the West –
Homesteads
– Dry farming techniques
• Seed drills, Steel plow
• Mechanical reaper, Windmills
• Threshing machines
• Mechanical
binder
Threshing
machine
Seed drill
• An increase in production
• Eventually urbanization
Steel plow
Reaper
The Homestead Act of 1862 was very instrumental
in encouraging settlement upon the Great Plains, as
through only paying a registration fee, an individual
could file for a homestead, or a tract of public land
available for settlement. A homesteader could claim
up to 160 acres of land and could receive title to the
land after living there five years.
• (2) Due to events during the years of 1860
to 1890, which experiences were shared by
most Native Americans living in western
states …
• (1) Forced onto Reservations
• (2) Forced Assimilation
– American Indian Boarding Schools
– Dawes Act (1887)
Gilded Age,
Industrialization,
and Public
Education
Politics in the Gilded Age
“1873 – 1900”
• An era associated with corruption
and ineffective national government
• “Party bosses” & the political
urban machine
• “Spoils system”
• 1873 – “Lord Gordon-Gordon
Incident”
Politics in the Gilded Age
Rutherford B. Hayes
(1877 – 1881)
James A.
Garfield (1881)
- Died Sept. 19,
1881
Chester A.
Arthur (1881 1885)
** Political Era defined
by the following …
– Geographical regions
controlled by Democrats
& Republicans …
– “The bloody shirt” … &
“The G.A.R.” or “Grand
Army of the Republic”
– High voter turn-out, 80%
Grover Cleveland
(1885 – 1889 &
1893 - 1897)
Capitalism
• An economic system in which goods and
services are privately owned, and the means
of production, the means of distribution, and
prices are determined by supply and demand,
(that is, private consumers and sellers not the government
determine prices.)
• (5) At the turn of the century, most
immigrants to the united States
settled in cities because…
• (1) Availability of large numbers of jobs
• (2) Excitement of city life
• (7) From 1865 to 1900, the growth of
industry affected American society,
leading to …
• (1) Greatest single era of economic growth in
U.S. History
• (2) Increased urbanization
Expanding Public Education
W
illiam Torrey Harris, an
educational reformer, believed
public schools were a …
“great instrument to lift
all classes of people into
… civilized life.”
-
Schools are …
- training ground for employment & citizenship
- key to economic security
- best opportunity to assimilate new immigrants
Expanding Public Education (continued)
-
Making school mandatory …
B
- etween 1865 and 1895,
states passed laws requiring 12
to 16 weeks of school attendance
between the ages of 8 and 14.
K
- indergartens increase in number from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in
1900.
Expanding Public Education (continued)
-
Growth of high schools …
L
- oyal to the capitalist
system &
P
- repared for work in the
industrial era, with the
following practices:
- (1) Regimentation …
- (2) Carnegie units …
U
- nrest in Rural
America …
-
Deflation …
-
The Money Supply …
-
The Crime of ‘73 …
-
How this especially hurts farmers …
-
The Great Deflation, 1870 to 1890 …
Progressive
Era and U.S.
Imperialism
• We can see the causes of U.S. Imperialism in the
handout “The Apostle of American Sea Power”
regarding the Mahan Doctrine:
• “That America, home of a superior race, must
penetrate world markets. It must build a merchant
marine to carry the goods, and a two-ocean Navy
to protect them and to defend its strategic and
commercial interests in Samoa, Hawaii, the
Caribbean and the Isthmus of Panama.“
• Anglo-Saxonism
• Expanding markets overseas
• More military / naval bases
(6) What term could we apply to this
decision by President William
McKinley?
– “ … [W]e could not leave them to themselves – they were
unfit for self-government – and they would soon have
anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was.
And, four, that there was nothing left for us to do but to
take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift them
and civilize and Christianize them …”
• Define Imperialism?
• Why are these imperialistic?
– U.S. involvement in Hawaii?
– Spanish-American War making U.S. imperialistic?
– U.S. and European actions in China?
– U.S. actions in Latin America?
Annexation of Hawaii
• 1875, U.S. establishes a naval base in
Hawaii
• 1887, the Bayonet Constitution, which
restricted voting rights for native
Hawaiians
• January 16, 1893 - the peaceful
overthrow of the Queen
• 1898, Newlands Resolution, establishing
Hawaii becomes a U.S. Territory
Jim Crow Laws and Segregation
• Supreme Court Decision - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• “Equal but separate accommodations”
- Why this decision?
• 1883 – (Domestic) Supreme Court Decision states that state
governments cannot treat unequally but private businesses
can.
• 1887 – (International) “Bayonet Constitution” restricts voting
rights of native Hawaiians
• 1898 – (International) U.S. decision to annex the Philippines,
because they are “unfit for self-rule”
Philippine-American War, 1899 - 1902
* U.S. sent 126,000 American soldiers sent
to the Philippines.
* 4,300 American deaths
* 50,000 to 200,000 Filipino deaths
Revolution in
Columbia
• 1903, U.S.
government offers to
buy the canal zone
• A French company agent, named Phillippe Bunau-Varilla,
organizes a Panamanian revolutionary force to revolt
• Nov., 3, 1903, with 10 U.S. warships off the coast of
Panama, the Panamanians revolt
Mexican Revolution (1910 – 1920)
(continued) …
- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead revolutions
in the countryside
Pancho
Villa
- 1917, Mexico has a new constitution (very
revolutionary) …
** U.S. Actions during the
Revolution
- 1913, military coup d'état – U.S. ambassador to Mexico involved in conspiracy
- 1914, bombing Veracruz – President Wilson authorizes U.S. Navy to use artillery
shells against Mexican port of Veracruz
- 1916, sending forces into Mexico – President Wilson sends American forces into
Mexico after Pancho Villa
Theodore Roosevelt: the
• The “Bully
Pulpit”
** Video – Early years of
TR’s presidency (questions)
• Trust-buster
– Northern Securities
holding company
• 1902 Coal Strike &
arbitration
“accidental President”
Republican (1901-1909)
• Regulating Food and Drugs
Why the reform?
- Selections from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
– “They use everything about the hog except the
squeal.”
– “These rats were nuisances, and the packers would
put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and
then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers
together.”
– “[The] old sausage that had been rejected, and that
was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax
and glycerine, and dumped, and made over again for
home consumption.”
World
War One
German Unification, under “Prussia” – The
“German Reich”
• Otto Von Bismarck, Chancellor of
Germany & Realpolitik
– Undermined Socialism …
– Placated Liberals by Supporting
Industrialization …
• Fights Wars / “Iron and Blood” …
– 1864: Danish-Prussian War
– 1866: Austro-Prussian War – creates “North German Confederation
– 1871: Franco-Prussian War – gains Bavaria, Baden, & Wurttemburg
• Germany, by 1900 would come to culturally
dominate Europe …
* What’s
happening in
AustriaHungary?
The Balkans
Present-day Slavic
people are classified
Into West Slavic
(chiefly Poles, Czechs
and Slovaks),
East Slavic (chiefly
Russians,
Belarusians, and
Ukrainians), and
And South Slavic
(chiefly Bosnians,
Serbs, Croats,
Bulgarians,
Macedonians,
Montenegrins,
and Slovenes).
- Balkan Wars,
1912-13
Europe, 1912
- “Balkan
League” –
Bulgaria, Greece,
Montenegro, & Serbia
vs. Ottoman Empire
** Goals: - Limit
Ottoman Empire
control over Balkan
Peninsula &
- Stronger
Serbia and Serbia becomes an advocate for Slavic
nationalism
The Situation in Russia
• 1861 – liberation of the serfs
• Pre-1914, 80% of Russian population is peasantry or “muzhiki”
• “Crisis of 1905”
– Russo-Japanese War (1905)
– “Bloody Sunday,” Jan. 22, 1905
• 1910 – Massive industrialization (1880 –
1913) & tremendous $$$$ spending on
Army & Navy
• 1908-14 – Diplomacy breaks down
between Austria-Hungary & Russia
* Could this have been
prevented?
Gavrilo Princip
• June 28, 1914 – assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
Alliances
• Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, and Russia
• Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
War Begins – The Schlieffen Plan
• Two Parts: [1] Quick defeat of
France, & then [2] Cooperate
with Austria-Hungary against
Russia
Artillery Fire, Machine Gun, and
Trenches
• Video on trench warfare:
•
http://www.lizcollinshistoryclasses.com/world-war-i.html
(1) Describe the importance of military technology:
artillery fire, machine guns, planes, tanks, etc.
upon WWI.
(2) What changed American public opinion?
First Battle of the Marne
- German advance stopped, “Race to the Sea” began, as
well as trench warfare
“Race to the Sea,” Sept – Oct, 1914
- France & Britain, as
well as Germany,
attempt to outflank
each other
First Battle of Ypres, Oct. – Nov. 1914
- The end of the “Race to the
Sea” & trench warfare is
established throughout western
Europe
Battle of Verdun, Feb. – Dec. 1916
- Massive German attack to break the French will; French
lines hold, and this battle is a great symbol of national
French resiliency
- Longest battle of WWI
Battle of The Somme, July. – Nov. 1916
- By the Summer
of 1916, the
Allied Powers
agreed upon a
combined
offensive.
- Allied attempt
to relieve
pressure on
French army at
Verdun
- British first to use tanks.
THE ROAD TO WAR
• Submarine warfare
• Lusitania (May 1915)
• Arabic sunk (Pledge) (August 1915)
• Sussex sunk (Pledge) (March 1916)
Lusitania warning
(Cobb Heritage Centre, England; photo by Larry O.
Nighswander/NGS)
The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)
Why the U.S. Entered WWI
- Three reasons:
German Foreign
Minister Alfred
Zimmermann
[1] Changes in public opinion
•
•
•
•
1 - Zimmerman telegram (Jan. 1917)
2 - Unrestricted submarine warfare
3 - Russian Revolution (1917)
“The world must be made safe for democracy”
(April 2, 1917)
[2] To ensure Allied
repayment of war debts
[3] To prevent Germans
from threatening U.S. ships
UNITED STATES AT WAR
• War Industries Board
• Food Administration
• Great Migration
• Contributions of Women
• Selective Service Act
• Composition of the
Military:
• One million would see
combat
• 18% foreign born
• Native Americans
• African Americans
• Women in the military
Read pages 330 & 331 and answer the following
questions:
(1) What did the Espionage Act of 1917 prohibit?
(2) According to the U.S. Supreme Court, how did the
actions of Charles Schenck and Jacob Abrams violate
the first amendment of the Constitution?
(3) How do the following words “The most stringent
protection of free speech would not protect a man in
falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic.
…” apply to the actions of Charles Schenck?
German Spring Offensive, 1918
• Last attempt to defeat the Allies before American contributions
** What was the
major consequence?
Allies Hundred Day Offensive
• Aug. 8 to Nov. 11, last stage of the war
** Why
was this so
effective?