industrial revolution - промышленная революция
composites - композиционные материалы
transport phenomena – явление переноса soft tissue mechanics - механика мягких
тканей.
Text 4
Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of
engineering, physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and
maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the
production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and
operation of machines and tools. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering
disciplines.
The engineering field requires an understanding of core concepts including mechanics,
kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity.
Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided
engineering, and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing
plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport
systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others.
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in Europe in the
18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around
the world. Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of
developments in the field of physics. The field has continually evolved to incorporate
advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments
in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. Mechanical engineering
overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical
engineering, petroleum engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, and
other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in
the field of Biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena,
biomechatronics, bionanotechnology and modeling of bio-logical systems, like soft tissue
mechanics.
5. Read text 5. Tell about the profession of an electrical engineer. What fields does
electrical engineering overlap with and where do electrical engineers can work?
What degree is usually the minimum education required for entering this field?
Mind the meaning of the following words:
airline navigation systems – навигационные системы авиапредприятия
dedicate his/her time – посвящать свое время
figuring out the purpose of smth. – обозначить цель чего-либо
prototype – прототип
be proficient in the use of a wide array of smth. – быть профессионалом в использовании широкого спектра чего-либо
Text 5
What Does an Electrical Engineer Do? An electrical engineer has many potential
job functions but most work on designing products that are powered by or produce
electricity. Sometimes, an electrical engineer will dedicate his or her time to a single
electrical product. While there are millions of potential products an electrical
engineer may work on, some examples include medical technology, cellular
phones, handheld gaming systems, and air-line navigation systems.
When beginning a project, an electrical engineer usually starts by figuring out the
purpose of the product. He or she will then plan the circuitry and wiring of the
electronic components. A prototype is generally built on which extensive tests are
conducted in order to make sure the plans work as designed, and that all of the
components work well together. An electrical engineer might also test broken
products in order to find out where they went wrong and how the design can be
altered to prevent its recurrence. He or she might be responsible for examining
existing products that have no known or significant problems simply to uncover
whether they can be improved.
Often working in a group with other engineers, an electrical engineer must be
proficient in the use of a wide array of engineering and design software and a
variety of laboratory equipment. He or she must also be able to provide detailed
instructions for the manufacture and use of the final product. The engineer is often
responsible for overseeing the installation of the product to ensure it is installed
properly and safely.
In order to become an electrical engineer, one must have a thorough knowledge of
engineering and technological concepts. He or she must be experienced in the use
of computers and electronics, as well as have a strong background in mathematics,
physics, design, production, and processing. The effective electrical engineer must
also be able to troubleshoot problems, be effective at adapting to new situations as
they arise, think critically about potential solutions to problems, and show great
attention to detail.
In the United States, a bachelor's degree is usually the minimum education
required for entering this field, but many electrical engineers also have master's or
doctoral degrees. These degrees are typically in the fields of engineering, applied
science, technology, science, or engineering management. Either degree must be
accompanied by professional certification prior to practicing as an electrical
engineer in the United States or Canada.