2nd November

Definition of intelligence
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The ability to learn from experience
The ability to adjust to the environment
The ability to use metacognition

History of intelligence testing
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Francis Galton: differences in brain efficiency (1880)
Binet a Simon: Binet’s Mental Age Scale
(1911)

William Stern: intelligence quotient - IQ
(1912)
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IQ = MA/ChA x 100
 nowadays we use deviation IQ

Normal distribution of scores on IQ tests.
A
34%
34 %
C
2%
55 70
13,5%
85
Average
100
115
13,5%
2%
B
130
145

The structure of intelligence
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Charles Spearman (1927)

 general factor g special factors s (e.g. arithmetic computing…)
Louis Thurstone (1938)

7 primary mental abilities
Raymond Cattel (1971)

2 subfactors: fluid and crystallized intelligence

Intelligence tests
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The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
The Wechsler Tests
I-S-T Amthauer’s Intelligence
Structure Test

I-S-T 2000 R

Basic module:
 verbal intelligence
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 numeric intelligence figural intelligence memory
 cognitive abilities

Expanded module:
 verbally coded knowledge
 numerically coded knowledge
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 knowledge crystallized intelligence fluid intelligence

The core of the intelligence?
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
 speed and accuracy of information processing

?neuronal speed? like reaction time neuronal efficiency
 during the solving of the hard task, more intelligent people’s brains utilize more glucose
(easy task - less) mental operations like planning

Howard Gardner (1999):
Multidimensional intelligence
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 language ability mathematical-logical reasoning spatial-perceptual skills musical ability bodily ability intrapersonal ability interpersonal ability

Culture fair tests
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Catell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test
Counterbalance General Intelligence Test

… no general success, agreement…

Race Differences ???

Lynn, R. Race differences in Intelligence:
An Evolutionary Analysis. Washington
Summit Books: Augusta, 2005

Race differences/ average IQ
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East Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans): 105
Europeans: 100
Inuit or Eskimos: 91
South East Asians: 87
Native American Indians: 87
Pacific Islanders: 85
South Asians and North Africans: 84
Sahara Africans: 67
Australian Aborigines: 62
Bushman of the Kalahari, Pygmies of the Congo rain forest: 54

Correlates with (reliability):
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 achievement in math and science national economic development (rich and poor nations) explain how quickly populations made the
Neolithic transition

Causes of the race differences?
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50% genetics consistency of racial IQ in different locations nutrition: Black and Whites in America have the same height since the 1st world war
Evolutionary analysis: species have evolved greater intelligence in order to survive in more cognitively demanding environments… cold weather

Creativity
 the proces of creating of something which is original as well as valuable
 minimum IQ of 120? + motivation!!! + special abilities?

Tests of creativity
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Urbanův figurální test tvořivého myšlení
(Urban’s figural test of creative thinking)
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Consequence test
Remote Associate Test
Unusual Uses Test
Word Association Test