•
•
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Industrialization disrupted
family patterns.
No longer working together,
family members had to leave
their homes and work in
factories.
Workers spent 14 hours a
day, six days a week in a
factory.
• Low wages
forced
families to
send their
children to
work.
• Children as
young as
five worked
in textile
mills.
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•
•
New classes of society emerged.
“Working class” labored in factories and mines.
The technology of interchangeable parts and division of labor
deprived workers of complex skills, making them easily
replaceable.
• Women worked in coal mines (until prohibited in the 1840s)
and textile factories.
• Factory owners preferred to hire women because they could
pay them half of what they paid men.
• “Middle class”
factory and office
managers, small
business owners,
and professionals.
• “White-collar” jobs
(those held by
office workers)
were workers were
literate.
• Housewife became a
status symbol,
indicating that the
husband was capable
of being the sole
provider.
• A “cult of domesticity”
developed, that
idealized the female
homemaker.
• Women were urged to
be pious, submissive,
pure, and domestic.
• “Wealthy industrialists” owners of large corporations.
• Called “captains of industry,” they overshadowed the landed
aristocracy as the leaders of modern society.
• The figures depicted in the engraving of the 1851
Crystal Palace Exhibition suggest that those who
benefited from the Industrial Revolution were the
wealthy elite.
• The detail in this painting of female laborers tries to
conveys a positive impression of factory life by showing
the activities in which the women are engaged, but life
was very hard.
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Urbanization accompanied
industrialization wherever it
occurred in the world.
Urban areas grew rapidly with
little planning by governments.
Working class lived in crowded
“tenement” apartment
buildings.
Polluted water supplies and
open sewers were common,
leading to disease like cholera,
dysentery, and tuberculosis.
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In the eighteenth century, Britain faced an energy crisis, due to a
diminishing supply of wood for fuel. The Industrial Revolution solve
this crisis by introducing the use of coal, oil, and natural gas as
sources of fuel.
Burning of coal harmed the environment, with toxic air pollution.
Contact with other civilizations contribute to Europe’s Industrial
Revolution by enabling Europe to draw disproportionately on the
world’s resources.
•
•
A culture of
“consumerism” and leisure
developed among the
middle class.
So, it was the middle-class
that benefited the most
from the Industrial
Revolution in nineteenthcentury Britain.
• Biking, boating, and athletic games were popular.
• It was believed that sports rewarded virtues like selfdiscipline and playing by the rules.
•
“Corporations”, a business
charted by a government as a
legal entity owned by
“stockowners.”
•
Formed to minimize risk.
•
Stockholders got money,
dividends, from a
corporation’s profits.
Stockholders are not liable if
business losses money.
• Some
corporations
became
“monopolies”
controlling all
aspects of a
specific
business and
eliminate all
competition.
• Factors delayed the
Industrial Revolution for
France:
1. Small urban population,
which limited the
amount of labor
available for factories.
2. The French Revolution
and Napoleonic wars,
which consumed both
the attention and the
capital of France’s elites.
• Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small
state, which delayed its industrialization.
• After unification (1871) its quickly became a leading
producer of steel and coal.
• United States industrializes in late the nineteenth century.
• Advantages:
1. Construction of the “transcontinental Railroad” (1869) connected the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
2. Vast natural resources; timber, coal, and oil.
3. War and poverty brought immigrants to the United States from
Europe and East Asia.
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Japan industrializes in late 19th century.
Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), a chain of events that restored
practical imperial rule of Japan to Emperor Meiji.
Ended self-imposed isolation from the world.
Japan’s leaders realized that their country needed to industrialize to
protect itself.
• Russia builds Trans-Siberian railroad stretched from Moscow to the
Pacific Ocean (1900).
• The Russian industries were developed by the government.
• Economy remained heavily agricultural until after the Communists
Revolution (1917).
• Industrialization led to violent social revolution only in Russia.
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The U.S., Great Britain, and Germany were key players in the
“Second Industrial Revolution.”
1st revolution; innovations in textiles, steam power, and iron.
2nd revolution; innovations in steel, chemicals, precision machinery,
and electronics.
Developments: automobile, airplane, telephone, radio.
•
“Labor unions” organizations of
workers that advocated for the right to
bargain over these matters with
employers and put the resulting
agreements in a contract.
•
Traditionally, banned by the
government as enemies of trade.
• Great Britain banned
children under the
age of 10 to work in
coal mines (1843).
• Education became
mandatory for
children 5 through
10 (1881).
• Redefined the role of
children in society.
• Germany had the most comprehensive set of social reforms
to protect industrial workers.
1. Accident compensation insurance.
2. Unemployment insurance.
3. Old age pensions.
• Believed that government
needed to address
problems or radicals
would lead to social
unrest.
That concludes the Industrial
Revolution.