Authors:
Maureen Barry and Joan Naturale
NTID/RIT
Date submitted to deafed.net - 3/28/06
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"In comparing various authors with one
another, I have discovered that some of
the gravest and latest writers have
transcribed, word for word, from
former writers, without making
acknowledgement." Pliny the Elder (23
AD-79 AD), Natural History
http://www.quotationspage.com/search.php3?homesearch=pliny+the+elder
Academic Dishonesty: Digital Cheating and Plagiarizing in the 21st Century
Log on. Search. Click. Download. Cut. Order.
Copy/Paste. Email. IM. Snap a Picture.
Post on Web .
Maureen Barry
Joan Naturale
© 13 March 2006
http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2003/sepoct/images/plagiarism/steal.jpg
Contents
• Introduction
• Plagiarism on the Rise
• Plagiarism Definition
• RIT Policy on Academic Dishonesty
• Detecting Plagiarism
• Famous Cases
• Cheating Culture
• What Can We Do
Contents, continued
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Technology
Where Papers Can be Found
Online Tutorials
Library Resources
Strategies for Research Papers
Helping to Combat Plagiarism
MLA and APA Resources
Books
References
Ramifications of
cheating
What would happen
if our doctors,
lawyers, accountants,
engineers, and other
professionals cheated
their way though
school?
Discuss with students
http://campuslife.byu.edu/studenthonorassociation
/
What Do We Know About Plagiarism
Online Quizzes
http://tip.uwyo.edu/utilizing/utilizing7.html
http://www.wmich.edu/library/searchpath/module6/0
5-paraphrasing.html
High School Cheating
http://idea3.rit.edu
Plagiarism on the Rise
Some statistics and facts
According to a 2003 study by McCabe 18,000 college students in 23
institutions, 38% of the undergraduate students indicated they had
“engaged in one or more instances of cut & paste plagiarism using the
Internet in the past year - paraphrasing or copying a few sentences of
material from the Internet without citing the source." In a similar 2001
survey only 10% acknowledged “cut & paste” plagiarism
•
Almost half of the students (44%) indicated they considered such behavior
trivial or not cheating at all, perhaps explaining its widespread occurrence
•
Approximately one-quarter of the 2,175 graduate students participating in
the survey also reported engaging in cut & paste plagiarism from Internet
and written sources
•
80% college bound students admit to cheating on schoolwork, yet 95%
never get caught.
•
90% students believe cheaters are never caught or disciplined
•
257 chief student affairs officers across the country believe the cheating
problem has not been addressed adequately
http://ur.rutgers.edu/medrel/viewArticle.html?ArticleID=3408
Plagiarism Definition
Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else’s work,
including the work of other students, as one’s own.
Any ideas or materials taken from another source for either
written or oral use must be fully acknowledged, unless the
information is common knowledge.
What is considered “common knowledge” may differ from
course to course.
http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html
Discussion: Students often have a lack of understanding about
why it is unethical/immoral--definitions are not enough
Guidelines http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html
A student must not adopt or reproduce ideas, opinions,
theories, formulas, graphics, or pictures of another person
without acknowledgment.
A student must give credit to the originality of others and
acknowledge an indebtedness whenever:
Directly quoting another person’s actual words, whether oral
or written;
Using another person’s ideas, opinions, or theories;
Paraphrasing the words, ideas, opinions, or theories of
others, whether oral or written;
Borrowing facts, statistics, or illustrative material; or
Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the
form of projects or collections without acknowledgment.
RIT Policy On Academic Dishonesty
https://mycourses.rit.edu/index.asp
http://www.rit.edu/~301www/rr_academicdishonesty.php3
The Rochester Institute of Technology does not condone any form
of academic dishonesty. Any act of improperly representing
another person's work as one's own is construed as an act of
academic dishonesty. These acts include, but are not limited to,
plagiarism in any form, or use of information and materials not
authorized by the instructor during an examination.
If a faculty member judges a student to be guilty of some form of
academic dishonesty, the student may be given a failing grade for
that piece of work or for the course, depending upon the
severity of the misconduct.
If the student believes the action by the instructor to be incorrect or
the penalty too severe, appeal may be made to the Academic
Conduct Committee of the college in which the course is offered.
Detection Clues
• Quotes do not have citations
• Citations are to material not owned by library
• Citations can’t be verified- made up by student
• Citations do not match works cited
• Citations older than 5 years
• Student can’t identify citations or provide copies of the cited (false
citations)
• Inactive URLs
• References made to historical persons/events in the current sense
• Student can’t summarize the main points or answer questions about
the paper
http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/detecting.html
Detection Clues
• Language
• Writing style, language, vocabulary, tone, grammar is
above or below what the student normally produces
• Googled sentences and Thesaurized sentences
• “we are…you are”
• Sentence lengths long
• Writing style changes from section to section
• Use scholarly adjectives
• Illogical sentences/sections that go off topic-contains a few paragraphs to bring
in line with topic
• Strange grammar or syntax (could be the result of using a web translation
service to translate a copied paper into French or German and then back to
English to foil detection).
http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/ detecting.html
Detection Clues
• Look for gray/strange text at the top/bottom of printed pages
• Too beautifully or badly formatted.. Page numbers, headings or spacing
don’t look right
• Mixed citation styles
• Web print-outs from term paper mills with URLs or web site page
numbers
• Quotations that sound out of place, are there bibliographic entries for
them
• Does the paper address the assignment requirements or are portions left
out?
• Is it the correct type of paper - descriptive, narrative?
• Different fonts in different sections of the paper from cutting and pasting
http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/detecting.html
Detecting Plagiarism: Turnitin.com
http://www.turnitin.com/static/index.html
• 200+ faculty: saves time checking plagiarism
(Buehler, 2006)
• 10,832+ students have submitted 25,062 + papers and the
papers are in the database (Buehler, 2006)
• Integrates with webcourse such as IdeaTools
• Over 90% of papers submitted have little or no plagiarism
• Appears to discourage and prevent plagiarism
• Educational tool to instruct students on proper use of internet
resources and citations.
• For ex., some professors ask students to submit drafts and
correct the paper digitally and work on citations.
http://idea3.rit.edu/jxnwml/libres/index.asp
How Does Turnitin Work?
• Papers are cross-referenced against the:
• Internet (more than 4.5 billion pages indexed).
• Millions of student papers already submitted to Turnitin
• ProQuest databases and The Gutenburg
• Turnabout time <5 mins, 24 hrs, after due date>
• Turnitin prepares a color-coded “originality report” for each submitted
paper
• Student may view “originality report”
• Faculty review reports to make final determination on plagiarism level.
Did the student use quotes and paraphrases correctly?
• If interested in setting up account, email Joan at JXNWML@rit.edu
http://www.turnitin.com/static/index.html
Cheating Culture
•
Why Do Students Cheat?
•
Lack of knowledge of what plagiarism really is
• Grades/College Admission/Competition
• Time Management, Laziness, Stress
• Pressure from peers and parents
• Anxiety/Fear
• Lack of Oversight by Professors-No Consequences
• Technology
• Weak Skills, Ignorance, Cultural Differences
• Negative Role Models
http://www.southalabama.edu/univlib/sauer/plagiarism.html
Famous Cases in the News
• Doris Goodwin-Historian
• Stephen Ambrose-Historian
• Byrony Lavery-Playwright
• Janet Dailey and Nora RobertsNovelist
• Jacque Loussier and Eminem-Musician
• George Harrison-Musician
• Senator Joseph Biden
http://www.famousplagiarists.com/
Professional
• Jason Blair-NY Times reporter
• Ken Powers-New England Patriot (plagiarized Sports Illustrated)
• Tom Squiteri-USA Today (plagiarized from
Indianapolis Star)
• Stephen Glass-Reporter for New Republic
• Firefighters-Whites cheated on exams
• Professors-Benson Tong (Wichita State turned down for tenure
and transferred to Gallaudet) and George Carney (Oklahoma
State-barred from teaching)
• Clery/Minister-U.S. News World Report
Cheating Culture
• Rationalization/
Excuses
• “Poor me…I have no
choice”
• Not Taught to
Cite/Paraphrase/
Take Notes
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/col/bruinsuccess/03/ images/03_01_dialog.
gif
(Lathrop & Foss, 2000).
Evolution of Cheating
• Pre-technology
• Copy from friends
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/col/bruinsuccess/05/images/0
5_07_Q4.gif
• Parents write papers or help too
much
• Fraternities, Sororities paper files
• Rubber Band/Water Bottles/Cap
• Sign Language/Tapping/
Coughing
• Write answers on hands
• Pay someone to write your papers
(Lathrop & Foss, 2000)
Technology, continued
• Cell phones-codes
• Calculators-Electronic cheat sheet
• Camera Phones-can post on web immediately
• Computers
• Pagers-Use IM, Email answers (vibrate, no beeps)
• PDAs and Digital Watches (infrared transmitter)
• Internet-Cut and Paste Culture
• Underground Websites-share papers
(Lathrop & Foss, 2000)
Technology, continued
• Chat Rooms, Online Whiz, Message Board
• Paper Mills-Free and for Fee
• Foreign Language Classes-use F.L. translators
• Computer Networks-Load papers and exams-share
• Fax
• Create small cheat sheets on photocopier
• Headsets-listen to recorded dates, formulas
• $3,000 pen with tiny transmitter/cordless earpiece
• Minature wireless video cams-get answers back via pager
(Lathrop & Foss, 2000)
Where Papers Can
Be Found
On the Internet
• Databases
• Conference Proceedings
on the web
• Example of a good
paper (won an award)
–Student posts paper on
the web
• Paper Mills-Free and fee
http://www.coastal.edu/library/presentati
ons/mills2.html
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/col/bruinsuccess/05/images/05_01_dialog.gif
http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/plagiart
alk/Index.html
Strategies for Research Process
• Make term papers specific with detailed questions that must be
answered
• Avoid broad topics or “select your own topic” assignments
• Do some of the research process in class—for ex., outlining,
brainstorming, free writing
• While doing research, emphasize taking notes
and citing where it’s from (Noodlebib annotation)
•
Set up writing conferences to work through drafts
• Have 1-2 drafts posted online
(Barry, Ishman & Mittelman, 2005)
Continued
• Show example of MLA or APA paper
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/humanities/pdf/Hacker-Daly-MLA.pdf
•
Have different sections due over the quarter
at specific times and work on the sections
• Give points to sections of the paper
Ex: 200 points
Thesis statement/abstract (10) focusing a topic, initial research
• Proposal (10)
• Outlines (10) finding background info, reading books/articles
• Annotated Bibliography (20) summarizing the info found
• Rough Draft or Working Notes (30) peer review
• Cited References(20)
• Final Paper (100)
Assignment Design Resources http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/assignment.html
Preventing Plagiarism http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/preventing.html
Quote
Summary
Paraphrase
Your Own Ideas
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/col/bruinsuccess/03/12.cfm
MLA and APA Style Guides
• APA (5th ed.) and MLA Style (6th ed.)
Guides at Wallace
http://wally.rit.edu/internet/subject/apamla.htm
• Noodlebib Citation Builder
http://wally.rit.edu/electronic/noodletools/noodletools.html
Possible Activities
• View the movie
“Shattered Glass” about
the New Republic writer
Stephen Glass and use the
activities suggested at this
link
http://www.shatteredglassmovie.com/
index_flash.html
• Try to apply the plagiarism
concept to students’
majors and discuss
examples.
ETC Videos
Code of Honor
Shattered Glass
20/20 (VH 1174),
Primetime, (VH1083)
48 Hrs (VH 1426)
Online Tutorials
Tutorials
You
Quote
It!
You Quote
It, It,
YouYou
NoteNote
It!
http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/
http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/
LOBO, The Library Online Basic Orientation
LOBO, The Library Online Basic Orientation
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/lobo2/
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/lobo2/
Bruin Success with Less Stress
http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess
Bruin Success with Less Stress
http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess
The Plagiarism Court: You Be the Judge Tutorial
http://library2.fairfield.edu/instruction/ramona/plugin.html
The Plagiarism Court: You Be the Judge
http://library2.fairfield.edu/instruction/ramona/plugin.html
Paraphrasing
Tutorial Practice
http://tip.uwyo.edu/utilize/page4.htm
HowParaphrasing
to Introduce
Quotes
WMU
Practice
http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/writing/quoteintro.html
http://www.wmich.edu/library/searchpath/module6/05-paraphrasing.html
How to Introduce Quotes
http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/writing/quoteintro.html
Book References
PN167.H37, 3rd floor
LB3609.L28 2000, 4
floor
Book References
PN171.F56 L56 2004
PN167 .B68 2004
The Right Way to Paraphrase and
Cite (adapted from Lipson)
• When you rely on others’ work or ideas, acknowledge it
openly.
• When you use their ideas or data, give them credit
• When you use their exact words, use quotation marks
plus a citation
• When you paraphrase use your own voice and cite
the original source. Make sure your language doesn’t
mimic the original.
Lipson, continued
• When you draw on others’ work, present it fairly. No
distortions, no straw men.
• When you present empirical material, show where
you acquired it so others can check the data
themselves. (The exception is commonly known
material, which doesn’t need to be cited).
So, when in doubt,
CITE!!
References
•
Austin, M. J., & Brown, L. D. (1999, October). Internet plagiarism: Developing strategies to
curb student academic dishonesty. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(1), 21-33.
Retrieved March 14, 2006, from Science Direct database:
http://wally.rit.edu/electronic/scidirect/scidirect.htmlscidirect/scidirect.html
•
Barry, M., Ishman, S., & Mittelman, L. (2005, September). Plagiarism: Why it is such a
problem for Deaf and second language learners. Presentation presented at Originality,
Imitation, Plagiarism: A Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Writing, Ann Arbor, MI.
•
Barry, M., Ishman, S., & Mittelman, L. (2005, June). Plagiarism: The bane of our existence.
Presentation presented at English Think Tank: Literacy in the Classroom and Beyond,
Rochester, NY.
•
Barry, M., & Naturale, J. (2005, July 20). Log on. search. click. download. cut. copy. paste.
order. email. im. snap a picture: Digital plagiarism in the 21st century. Presentation
presented at First Year Experience Workshop , RIT, Rochester, NY.
•
Bates, P., & Fain, M. (2005, September 12). Cheating 101: Internet paper mills. In Kimball
library: Presentations. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from Coastal Carolina University Library
Web site: http://www.coastal.edu/library/presentations/mills2.html
•
Buehler, M. (2006-06, Winter). Copyright corner. Scholarship at RIT, 4.
•
Cheating culture (2004, February 14). Fox 5 news. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from
http://www.turnitin.com/static/popups/fox.html
•
Harris, R. (2004, November 17). Anti-plagiarism strategies for research papers. Retrieved
March 14, 2006, from http://www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm
•
How to recognize plagiarism. (2005, June 24). Definition of plagiarism. Retrieved March 11,
2006, from Indiana University, School of Education Web site:
http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html
•
IParadigms. (2006). Turnitin. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from
http://turnitin.com/static/home.html
•
Jayne, E. A. (2002). Plagiarism? It’s your call! In Searchpath (module 6). Retrieved March
10, 2006, from Western Michigan University Library Web site:
http://www.wmich.edu/library/searchpath/module6/05-paraphrasing.html
•
Johnson, D. (2004, March). Plagiarism-proofing assignments. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(7), 54952. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from Academic Search Elite database:
http://wally.rit.edu/electronic/acadelite/acadelite.html
•
Kearley, J. (2005). Utlizing: Plagiarism. In Tutorial for info power (chap. 5). Retrieved March
10, 2006, from University of Wisconsin Libraries Web site:
http://tip.uwyo.edu/utilizing/utilizing7.html
•
Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2000). Student cheating and plagiarism in the internet era: A
wakeup call. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
•
Leland, B. H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the web. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from
Western Illinois University Web site: http://wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm
•
Lesko, J. P. (2006). Famous plagiarists. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from War on
Plagiarism.org Web site: http://www.famousplagiarists.com/
•
Lion Gates Entertainment. (2003). Shattered Glass. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from
http://www.shatteredglassmovie.com/index_flash.html
•
Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college: How to prepare citations. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
•
Muha, D. (2003, August 28). New study confirms internet plagiarism Is prevalent. In Rutgers
media relations. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from Rutgers State University Web site:
http://ur.rutgers.edu/medrel/viewArticle.html?ArticleID=3408
•
Naturale, J. (2005). Turnitin. In Library resources. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from NTID
Ideatools Web site: http://idea3.rit.edu/jxnwml/libres/index.asp
•
Nowakowski, F. (2005, September 12). Detecting plagiarism. In Faculty resources:
Plagiarism and intellectual honesty. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from Dalhousie University
Web site: http://plagiarism.dal.ca/faculty/detecting.html
•Posters. (n.d.). SHA Website. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from Brigham Young University,
Student Honor Association Web site http://campuslife.byu.edu/studenthonorassociation/
•Rambo, R. (2002, August 31). Preventing plagiarism from the web. Retrieved March 11, 2006,
from Illinois Valley Community College Web site: http://www.ivcc.edu/rambo/plagiarism.htm
•RIT policy on academic dishonesty. (1977, September). RIT myCourses. Retrieved March 11,
2006, from RIT Center for Student Conduct and Conflict Management Services Web site:
http://www.rit.edu/~301www/rr_academicdishonesty.php3
•Sauer, J. (2005, August). A guide for instructors. In Plagiarism. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from
Univeristy of South Alabama Library Web site:
http://www.southalabama.edu/univlib/sauer/plagiarism.html
•Spalenka, G. (Ill.) (2003, September/October). Whose idea was that? In Stanford magazine.
Retrieved March 11, 2006, from Stanford Alumni Association Web site:
http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2003/sepoct/images/plagiarism/steal.jpg
•Swartz, P. (n.d.). Oops, I plagiarized. Retrieved March 11, 2006, from UCLA Library Web site:
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/col/bruinsuccess/03/images/03_01_dialog.gif
•Weinraub, C. J. (Producer), Gibson, C. (Writer), & Paul, G. (Director). (2004, April 29).
Primetime: Cheating crisis in America’s schools New Hudson, MI: ABC News Productions.
Additional Resources
• Ethics http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/AcademicIntegrity/Index.html
• Center for Academic Integrity http://www.academicintegrity.org/
• Plagiarism and Copyright Resources from Wallace Library
http://wally.rit.edu/researchguides/citing.html
• Publishing and Scholarship Support Center at Wallace Library
http://wally.rit.edu/userservices/pubschol/