1.4
Understand how moving ice acts as an
agent of erosion and deposition.
There are two types of
glaciation:
1. Continental Glaciation
2. Alpine Glaciation
Distinguish between the terms alpine glaciation and
continental glaciation. (P.32)
Alpine Glaciation:
 Alpine glaciers are
glaciers that have formed
high in mountain valleys;
above the snow-line
Continental Glaciation:
 Continental glaciers are
glaciers that cover parts of
continental land masses;
ex. Greenland
Distinguish between the terms alpine glaciation and
continental glaciation. (P.32)
Similarities



Both move and cause
erosion
Both change the
landscape
Both developed in
constantly cold < 0 0C
Differences

Location
–
–

Alpine = mountain
Continental = earth poles
Size
–
–
Alpine > smaller
Continental > larger
Continental Glaciers of the World
Continental glaciers
Alpine
Glaciers
Continental Glaciers of the
World
1.4.1 Define the terms outwash plain, terminal
moraine, erratics, drumlins & eskers. (P. 33
que. #12)


These features are
associated with
continental glaciation.
See picture p. 34
Outwash Plain
Outwash plain
Outwash plain:
 It is like a river delta. Melting
water flows from glacier and
deposits silt.
 Deposited in layers
 Small particles carried further
away
 Larger particles drop closer to
the glacier
Terminal Moraine
Terminal Moraine
 Heap, ridge or pile of
bulldozed gravel that
marks the end of the
forward motion of a glacier
 As glacier retreats it’s
deposits debris/gravel
 P. 34
Terminal Moraine indicates
Direction

Marks the end of the forward travel.
Erratics
Erratics:
 Erratics are large boulders
that were transported long
distances and dropped
 They now sit in a region and
look very much out-of-place.
 P. 34
Drumlins p. 34
Drumlins
 Egg shaped hills that are formed
under glaciers
 Sloped or pointy end points in
direction of ice flow
 How are drumlins formed?:
–
–
–
–
Ice melts under glacier
Deposits of gravel made
Glacier moves forward
Deposits are bull-dozed along and
catches up in rough areas forming
piles or drumlins.
Drumlins Indicate Direction of
Glacier Movement

The glacier travels in the same
direction as the small, pointy end!
Eskers p. 34




Eskers:
Eskers are long deposits
of eroded glacial material
Formed by sub-glacial
streams that deposit
material like all rivers.
Highways of the North!!
1.4.2 Examine evidence for the direction of movement of
glaciers. (P. 34 question # 13)

1.
2.

Evidence for direction of
movement
Sloped end of drumlin
Location of terminal
moraine
What is direction of
glacier movement in
this picture?
Alpine Glaciers
1.4.3 Define the terms cirque, arête, hanging valley,
lateral moraine, and terminal moraine. (P. 36)

These features are
associated with alpine
glaciers
1.4.3
Cirque (P. 36)
Cirque:
 A cirque is a circular hollow
cut into bedrock during
glaciation
 Side and back walls are steep
but front wall opens downward
How are cirques formed?

Alpine glacier freezes onto
mountain valley and as is
proceeds it plucks rock from the
mountain top leaving the cirque
shape.
Real Cirques

A cirque but now
covered in vegetation
Erratic
Arête p. 36
Arête:
 Steep knife edged ridge
between two cirques in a
mountainous region.
Hanging Valley
Hanging Valley:
 A high level tributary
valley from which the
ground falls sharply to
the level of the lower,
main valley.
 The depth of the lower
valley is due to more
severe glaciation.
Hanging Valley
Lateral Moraine & Terminal Moraine
Lateral Moraines:
 A lateral moraine is land-form
deposited at the side of a
glacier
Terminal Moraines:
 deposits that mark the
farthest extent of the glacier
•Lateral Moraines
•Terminal Moraine
Alpine Glaciers

Alpine glaciers are like
very slow moving rivers
of ice flowing down high
mountain valleys.
1.4.4
Describe how fiords are
formed. (P.37)
1.
Alpine Glaciers erode
troughs & valleys in the
mountain
2. Glacier valley reaches
the coast.
3. Glacier melts and sea
water floods the valley
Fiord in Norway

Norway is well known for
its abundant fiords