Chapter 10: Nationalism Triumphs
in Europe
• Andrew McFeeters, Tom Laporte, Kyle
Abbott, Pat Breslin, Austin Ansbro
Section 1:The Rise of Germany
• In 1806 what is now Germany
was a bunch of small states.
• Later that year Napoleon
invaded and started setting up
governments for trade.
• This action started the
foundation for future Germany to
flourish.
•Napoleon called himself king of
this land but, lost his power and
left the land in a disorganized
mess.
Organization of the States
• The small states created a trade union that they thought would
greatly strengthen the area, but failed to live up to it’s
expectations.
• Since they need leadership the offered the crown to William IV of
Prussia. He denied this gift because it was “offered by the
people”.
• Just as things were looking bad a man named Otto Von Bismarck
unified Germany by claiming to be the chancellor.
• Bismarck started many new programs and developed a new
government called Realpolitik which focused on the needs of the
state.
The Birth of a Super Power
• Bismarck raised an army and began fight wars. He
annexed most of the territory he gained in war.
• Germany was soon at war with many countries including
France. This is the most pivotal war that early Germany
would fight.
• Winning this war secured the pride of the German
people.
• After the war in January 1871 William I took the title as
Kaiser. The crowning of William I is referred to the
second Reich.
Section 2:
Germany Becomes Industrial
Leader
•
Because of its ample resources
Germany becomes an Industrial
Giant.
•
The house of Krupp increased
greatly and soon produced steel
and weapons for the entire world.
•
August Thyssen was successful
tycoon who started a steel empire.
•
Germany encouraged the
research of science.
•
Economic developments were
made such as making a single
currency for the country.
Otto von Bismarck
• Bismarck was known as “The Iron
Chancellor. He tried to keep France
weak and built links with Austria and
Russia.
• He targeted the Catholic Church and
the socialists, who he thought were a
threat to Germany.
• Launched the Kulturkampf-intended to
make Catholics put the state above
the church.
• Bismarck tried making laws to end the
socialist party, but this backfired and
their strength only increased.
Kaiser William II
• William II becomes the Kaiser in
1888.
• He was extremely confident in his
leadership, and actually asked
Bismarck to resign.
• During his rule, the system of
social welfare was started.
• William funded the extremely
powerful German army, and
expanded the navy to a
considerable force.
Section 3: Unifying Italy
• Obstacles to Italian Unity
– People were more about their regions instead
of their country
– Nationalist revolts exploded all over the
regions
• Austria sends troops to crush the revolts
Giuseppe Mazzini
• Mazzini founds Young Italy
– Goal was “to constitute Italy, one, free,
independent, republican nation.”
– Revolutions failed in 1849, but the seeds of
nationalism were already planted
• Many argued unity would end trade barriers among
Italian states and stimulate industry
Unification
• 1852 – Victor Emmanuel makes Camillo Cavour his
prime minister – a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik
– Cavour improves agriculture, had railroads built and supported
free trade
– Long time goal – end Austrian power in Italy and annex the
provinces of Lombardy and Venetia
• He accomplished much of his goal with help from France
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
– Longtime nationalist an ally of Mazzini
– Recruited 1,000 red-shirted volunteers and took control of Sicily
and marched to Naples
• Unity
– Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel
– Cavour died, but successors were able to completely united Italy
by getting Rome and Venetia
Challenges to Italy
• Divisions
– North and South had many differences
– Hostility between Italy and Catholic Church
• Turmoil
– Constitutional monarchy
– Few men had right to vote
• Socialists organized strikes
• Anarchists, people who want to abolish all government,
turned to violence
– Government slowly gave more suffrage to more men and
improved social conditions
Economic Progress
• Italy developed after 1900
• Population explosion which resulted in
emigration
– Movement away from their homeland
Section 4: Nationalism
Threatens Old Empires
• Because of Nationalist feelings the different
ethnic groups tore the Hapsburg Empire apart
• Francis Joseph made limited reforms that
created a legislature that only pleased the
German- speaking people who ran it
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
• Ferenac Deák, a Hungarian
leader, helped make an
agreement that created the
dual monarchy of AustriaHungary
• This only satisfied the
Hungarians, but upset all
the other groups of the
empire
• Especially the Slavs in
Bohemia. Nationalist
leaders called for the Slavs
to unite into their own
country
• This unrest paralyzed the
government of the empire
Ferenac Deák
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
•
•
•
•
Serbia, in the Balkans, revolted
and became independent in 1830.
During the 1830’s Greece also
won independence
During the 1800’s different groups
revolted against the monarchy
During the mid- 1800’s European
powers divided the Ottoman
Empire among themselves
During this time there was a series
of wars and crises in the Balkans,
with the different powers fighting
each other
Abdul Hamid II: Ruler of the
Ottoman Empire
• By 1815, Russia was not only the largest,
most populous nation in Europe but also a
great world power.
• For centuries in Russia, tsars had ruled
with absolute power, imposing their will on
their subjects.
• Alexander II came to the throne in 1855
during the Crimean War.
•The Crimean War had broken out after
Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands along
the Danube River.
• From this Revolution the emancipation
came through and freed the serfs.
• Freedom brought many problems such as
that the former serfs were forced to buy the
land that they used to work for but most of
the serfs didn’t have enough money to buy
it.
• It was also a positive thing because the
former serfs took jobs in the factories.
Which led to building the Russian industry.
• Bloody Sunday was when the citizens of
Russia marched the streets peacefully
going to the tsar’s palace. When they
arrived at the palace the tsar’s troops
opened fire on the citizens killing
hundreds of men and women.
• After the Bloody Sunday strikes started
everywhere in Russia.
• So Russia came up with a Duma, or
elected national legislature. Every law
must go through the Duma.
Bibliography
•
http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm
•
http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/russianrevolution.htm
•
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/otto_von_bismarck.html