Start:How useful are our approaches to Crime &
Deviance?
Functionalism
Interactionism
RANK and Justify
On a scale of 1 – 10 (most useful)
Subcultural
Theory
Marxism
New
Criminology
(AFSTOD)
Functionalism
Durkheim Crime is
innevitable
Crime has positive
functions
Boundary
Maintenance
Change and
Adaptation
Warning Function
Social bonds
Safety Valve
Merton – Strain to
Anomie
Five Adaptations
Albert Cohen
Status Frustration
Cloward and Ohlin
Opportunity
Structures
Walter Miller Focal
Concerns
Labelling Theory
Primary
Deviance
Secondary
Deviance
Master Status
Self-concept
Self-fulfilling
prophecy
Deviant Career
Deviant
Subculture
Deviance
Amplification
Braithwaite –
Reintegrative
shaming
Circoural –
Negotiation of
Justice
Jock Young –
Study of
Hippies
Stan Cohen
Folk Devils and
Moral Panics
Angela Davis, former leader of the Black
Panthers said:
“The real criminals in this
society are not all the people
who populate the prisons
across the state, but those
people who have stolen the
wealth of the world from the
people.”
Angela Davis later became a prison
abolitionist – suggesting that prisons
should be abolished, and alternative
forms of punishment were needed
Marxist Approaches
Criminogenic
Capitalism
Crime fuelled by
inequality,
consumerism and
alienation
Crime is rational
response to K.
Found in all
classes.
White Collar Crime
Law is selectively
enforced
Ideological
Functions of Crime
and Law
AFSTOD
Policing the Crises
(Stuart Hall)
Official statistics
over represent WC
crime
New Critical
Criminology
A fully social theory of
deviance – combining Marxism
and labelling theory
Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and
Jock Young (1973)
1. The wider origins of the
deviant act.
2. The immediate origins of
the deviant act.
3. The act itself.
4. The immediate origins of
social reaction.
5. The wider origins of
social reaction.
6. The effects of labelling.
Neo-Marxism on crime
Policing the crisis – Stuart Hall
1. The 1970’s was a period of considerable
social crisis in Britain, the result of an
international downturn in capitalist economies.
2. This turmoil was shown in a number of innercity riots, conflict in Northern Ireland and a
high level of strikes. The government was
searching for a group that could be
scapegoated, to draw attention onto them and
away from the crisis.
3. Mugging – which according to the police was
more likely to be carried out by those from
African-Caribbean backgrounds.
4. Media outrage at the extent of muggings,
linked to racism amongst the Metropolitan
police.
5. The need to find scapegoats and the ease
with which young men from African-Caribbean's
backgrounds could be blamed.
6. A sense of injustice amongst ethnic
minorities against the police led to much
hostility between them and further arrests.
• Adopt a Neo-Marxist Approach.
The New Criminology
• K. Is based on exploitation, class
conflict and inequality.
• The state makes and enforces laws
in the interests of the K. class.
• K. Should be replaced by socialism
to rid society of crime
“Critical Criminology” – The New Criminology
 Critical of traditional
Marxist approach – K.
forces people to be
criminal.
 People have free will.
 New criminology
combines Marxism and
Interactionism.
 Critical of other theories –
anomie, subculture,
 Crime is a meaningful
biology.
action within an unequal
society.
 TOO DETERMINISTIC.
 A fully social theory of
deviance
vii. The relationship between these different aspects of
deviance should be studied, so that they fuse together into a
complete theory.
Apply the seven stages in
Taylor, Walton and Young’s
Fully Social Theory of Deviance
to the following case studies:
MPs expenses.
Baby P.
London Riots.
Gun Crime.
Delhi Bus Sexual Assault.
1. Apply the seven stages to your case study.
2. Give a brief presentation on this to us all.
New Criminology
• Stuart Hall – Policing the Crises merges
Marxism and Moral Panics.
Video clip?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYv0mFIf-EA
Policing the Crisis, Hall et al argued that
* the state manufactures a crime problem;
* justifies strengthening its control over the population;
* certain groups such as young black men, in particular are
heavily criminalized so they can be heavily controlled.
‘Policing the Crisis’
Stuart Hall (1978)
• ‘Mugging’
• The societal reaction to mugging during the
1970s in Britain, was the result of a moral panic.
Hall argued it must be looked at from the wider
context of capitalism and the class system.
• Partly as a result of racism, the first generation
of African-Caribbean migrants were the most
disadvantaged members of the working class –
low paid jobs etc.
• Theories have suggested that 20 years after mass
immigration, issues and tensions with the second
generation can arise.
• The second generation children are British born, but often
not treated as such. Yet many have no connection to their
supposed ‘home country’.
• Black youth were less willing than their parents to accept
this inequality (sometimes causing family rifts in the
process).
• Some turned to petty crime - ‘mugging’ became a survival
strategy.
• Think about what mugging represents. It is literally the
most basic and simple of crimes. What does it suggest?
The ‘Black Mugger’
• Between August 1972 and August 1973
there were 60 ‘mugging’ incidents
• Pictured Black youth creating mindless
havoc in inner cities
• Mugging was not, however, new; neither
was it growing at such a fast rate – in fact
it was less than half the rate in the 1960s
• Hall et al saw it as a ‘moral panic’
The Wider Picture
• This ‘crisis’ must be seen in context – problems of
British capitalism in the early 1970s
– 1945  full employment, rising living standards, growth of
welfare services  working class accepted the authority of
the state
– 1970s  rising unemployment, slowing of living standards,
halt to the expansion of welfare services
• The ‘stability’ of society was challenged by
lawlessness with the focus being on the Black mugger:
– There was therefore a division of the working class on racial
grounds; therefore weakening the challenge to the state
– State re-earned its power by ‘stamping out’ the problem
The Result?
• Police targeted this crime.
• Random stop and searches increased.
• Unjustified – questioned this approach,
sometimes with verbal abuse or violence.
• Led to their arrest.
• The result was deviancy amplification.
• More arrests = more justification of police
resources targeting young Black men =
further headlines for the newspapers.
Critique of Stuart Hall
 Contradiction in his analysis. On the one
hand, claims that black men and no more
criminal than any other group but just victims of
labelling. On the other hand, black crime rate
was bound to rise due to inequalities of K.
Evaluation of Neo-Marxist Approaches
 Blended theory which
uses both structural and
action approaches.
 Fills in the gaps in
labelling and traditional
Marxist views.
 Gender blind – focuses on
male criminality.
 Romanticises workingclass criminals as Robin
Hoods who are fighting K.
 Do not take the effects of
street crime seriously.
 Too idealistic in its
solutions for crime.
However, laid the
foundations for
other critical
approaches – Left
Realism
Quick Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is meant by criminogenic?
Identify 3 ways in which K. is criminogenic.
How is crime and law ideological?
What is the critique made by New
Criminologists of Traditional Marxist views?
5. Why has criminology been accused of being
idealistic?
6. How does Hall explain the phenomenon of the
‘black mugger’.
Assessment Questions
1. Examine some of the ways in which Marxists
explain crime. (12 marks)
2. Assess different Marxist views of the
relationship between crime and social class. (21
marks) Jun 12
3. Assess the view that crime is functional,
innevitable and normal. (21 marks)
4. What is the role of law in a capitalist society,
according to the Marxist approach. (12 marks)
Realist Approaches
Realist approaches reject
that crime is simply a social
construction. Instead they
see it as a REAL problem
that must be tackled.
Realist theories have
attempted to influence
criminal policy.
1. There has been a
significant rise in crime
(especially, street crime)
2. There should be more
concern about the fear
of crime and victims.
3. Realistic solutions are
needed to solve crime.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xdyth8P3Fu4
Two forms of realism have emerged.
Right Realism.
Left Realism
Emerged in 1970s as part
of the New Right.
Developed as a reaction to
Right Realism.
Favours tough / zero
tolerance.
Left-wing and social
approaches.
Key ideas
 The root cause of crime is
biology and poor socialisation as
people make a rational choice to
commit crime.
 The solution is more formal
social control such as harsher
prison sentences, zero tolerance
policies and more CCTV.
Criticisms
 Doesn’t explain white
collar crime or
domestic violence.
Biology
Wilson and Hernstein suggest
some people are innately
more strongly predisposed to
commit crime than others.
Especially those who have
personality traits like
aggression, risk taking and low
impulse control.
Right Realism
Tackling crime
 Ignores issues like
poverty.
Make crime less attractive to
criminals by (formal
control):-
 Scapegoats the
underclass.
• Zero tolerance – harsh
sentences ‘broken window’.
 Overstates the role of
rationality.
• Target hardening – make it
difficult to access private
and public buildings.
 Crime displaced to
other areas.
• More surveillance – CCTV.
Charles Murray (1990)
Argues most crime is
committed by the underclass
(unemployed). A recent
upsurge in lone-parent
families has led to poor
socialisation and encouraged
these people to be welfare
dependant.
Rational Choice theory
Ron Clarke (1980)
suggests that people
rationalise their choice to
commit crime by weighing
up the cost vs benefits. If
the benefits (money)
outweigh the costs
(prison) then they will
commit crime.
Right Realism
• Emerged in the 1970s and 1980s with the
political shift to the right
What is the
New Right All
about?
Margaret
Thatcher
Ronald
Reagan
Right Realism
These governments
favoured rolling back the
welfare state together
with a strong commitment
to law and order.
They favoured a ‘get tough’ stance on crime, with
increased use of prison (and in the USA, the death
penalty) and a ‘short, sharp shock’ approach to dealing
with young offenders.
Watch the video
Copy the following bullet points and try to
address them in the course of the video.
1. What do Right Realists believe causes
crime?
2. How do they try to combat crime?
3. Who are the Right Realists?
4. What problems are associated? (Criticisms)
Right Realism
Right realism identifies the following four
causes to influence crime:
People choose
to commit
crime by
weighing up the
pros and cons.
Greater
opportunity
to commit
crime exists
in some areas
1. Bio-Social
4. Choice
3. Opportunity
Causes
of
Crime
2. Cultural
Muscular
Low
Intelligent
Males
- SPF
- Welfare
Dependency
-Poor Schools
-Lack of Community
Right Realism – Causes of Crime
1. Biological Differences (James Q. Wilson and Richard J
Hernnstein (1985))
Some people are biologically predisposed to crime.
They are more aggressive, take more risks and may
have poor decision making. Criminals have low
intelligence which is biologically determined.
2. Socialisaton and the Underclass
Primary Socialisation teaches
us self control, we internalise
moral values of right and
wrong. The best place for
this is the nuclear family.
Charles Murray (1990) The Underclass
• Argues that an underclass of poorly socialised children
grow up to cause deviant/criminal behaviour.
• Murray blames the growth of such groups in the West on
overly generous welfare benefits
• People have become too dependent on the ‘nanny state’
• Combined with family breakdown this has meant that:
Lone parent families have increased. Males no longer
take responsibility for ‘providing for their families’.
• Absent fathers mean boys lack appropriate role models.
• Murray sees this as a threat to the cohesion of society
3. Opportunities for crime
Wilson and Kelling: Broken Windows Theory (1982)
• If there is no formal or informal social control in an
area then crime flourishes,
‘Broken Windows’
• If a building is left with a single broken window,
more will be broken.
• Crime will flourish, because people will see the
broken windows and realise that this is a lawless
area where anti-social behaviour goes
unchallenged. Mend the window ASAP.
Broken Window Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj9WsGbaN
AY
4. Choice: Rational Choice Theory
• Clarke (1980) sees the concept of ‘rational choice’ to show
that the decision to commit a crime or not is made on a
calculation of the likely consequences.
• Crime occurs because REWARDS outweigh the COSTS.
• Therefore punishments need to be harsher to deter crime.
Routine Activities Theory (RAT)
(Cohen & Felson 1979)
1) A suitable target is available & attractive
(object or person)
2) There is the lack of a suitable guardian to
prevent the crime from happening (e.g.,
Police, homeowner)
3) A likely and motivated offender is present.
Right Realism – Tackling Crime
Not fruitful to tackle the causes of crime –
better to focus on the consequences of crime –
control, containment, punishment.
Right Realism – Tackling Crime.
1. Reducing the underclass (cutting benefits)
2. Reducing the opportunities for crime
(target hardening, situational crime
prevention)
3. Reducing the rewards of crime (harsher
punishments)
4. Zero tolerance (treating even minor crimes
with a greater magnitude)
Zero Tolerance Policing
• In line with the ‘mend things straight away’
mentality.
• This approach means that the Police crack
down hard on any areas of deviance – even
when seemingly trivial.
• Using the old saying ‘give em an inch…..and
they’ll take a mile’.
• New York City in the 1990’s was seen as a good
example of this in operation.
‘Designing-out crime’
• Crime prevention strategy
• Reshaping an environment to reduce
opportunities for crime of deviant behaviour
• Felson (1998) uses the example of New Yorks
Port Authority bus terminal
• It was poorly designed and feature many
opportunities for crime.
• Sixty-three interventions were made at the
terminal, at about the same time.
• The toilets were a target for luggage thieves,
drug users/dealers, rough sleepers and those
seeking homosexual liaisons
Other initiatives in New York...
Subway graffiti crackdown:
• In the early 90’s, an initiative to eradicated the
subway system of graffiti was launched.
• Trains were reconditioned, painted and cleaned.
• If graffiti occurred, the train was taken out of
service and cleaned immediately.
• Broken windows theory applied.
• As such the crime, and other subway crimes
have largely disappeared.
• People know that such anti-social behaviour will
not go unnoticed or unchallenged.
• Ante-rooms (mini-hallways) between the bus
terminal and bathrooms also were hubs for
muggings, drug deals etc – Felson got rid of
these.
• Lighting was changed, made brighter.
Other situational crime prevention
techniques...
Think about designing out
crime...
• In a clothes store
• Supermarket
• School
Evaluation of Right Realism
Ignores wider structural causes such as poverty.
 Overstates offender ‘rationality’ (violent crime).
Deterministic (Biology)
Focuses too much on street crime and ignores
white collar crime.
Zero Tolerance – Police often discriminate against
Ethnic Minority groups.
 Fails to tackle underlying causes of crime.
Also...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8645719.stm
• What do you think about
‘Project Prevention’?
Right Realism: Solutions to Crime
CCTV
Zero
tolerance: 3
strikes and
out in the US
Solutions
to Crime
Harsher
punishments
More Police
officers on
the streets
Evaluation of Right Realism
• The New Right has a ‘common sense like appeal’ but many
see its recommendations as simplistic and unworkable.
• It refers to a ‘Golden Age’ which never really existed.
• Stronger punishments lead to decreases in some crimes
but increases in others e.g. in UK property crime has
declined at the expense of violence against the person.
• Harsher punishments mean MORE prison sentences and
LONGER sentences. This has lead to FULLER prisons. Is
prison effective? Recidivism rates are very high.
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Broken Windows Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Routine Activities Theory
Situational crime prevention
Underclass
Zero tolerance
Target hardening
Left Realism
Key ideas
 The root cause of crime is
Relative deprivation,
marginalisation and exclusion in
modern society.
The solution is more informal
social control such as better
housing, more job opportunities
and more democratic policing.
Criticisms
 Doesn’t explain white
collar crime or
domestic violence.
 Minimum wage and
housing conditions have
never been better.
 M/C could be relatively
deprived and
individualistic, yet don’t
commit as much crime.
 Impossible to get rid of
relative deprivation.
The offenders
Marginalisation
Young and Lea argue that most
crime is committed by W/C
against the W/C. This is due to
discontent caused by relative
deprivation (judging your status
by that of others) and
individualism (being selfinterested).
Marginalised groups are
those who lack clear goals
or representation. Young
W/C are powerless and
unrepresented which leads
to violence and rioting.
Left Realism
Tackling crime
Make things better for people
by (informal social control):
• Giving them housing
conditions to be proud of.
• Better job opportunities.
• A better relationship
between police and public,
being more democratic will
help the flow of
information.
Modern society and
exclusion
A lack of jobs for the W/C
and being out priced of the
property market has left
many socially excluded.
Jock young says we live in a
‘bulimic society’ where we
are exposed to a large
variety of consumer
products which the W/C
cannot purchase.
It’s all about
meeeeeeee!
Criticisms of New/Radical Criminology
What about
me!?!?
Criticisms of New/Radical Criminology
What about
me!?!?
Robin Hood
Ignores victims
Gender-blind
AFSTOD
I can’t make
my mind
up!?!?!?!
Left Realism:
A response to Marxism
“We need practical
strategies for reducing
crime in the here and now,
rather than waiting for a
revolution and a classless
socialist utopia to abolish
crime.”
• Left realists, like Marxist,
agree that structural
reasons like poverty and
feelings of injustice cause
crime.
Response to the growing
influence of Right Realism
Taking crime seriously
• Left realists recognise that there
has been a real increase in crime
rates.
• The best way to reduce crime is to
reduce the causes of crime.
• Disadvantaged groups have the
greatest fear of crime and it has
the greatest effect on their lives.
How
does this
differ
from
Right
Realists?
Taking crime seriously
• Crime is a real problem which affects disadvantaged
groups which has not been taken seriously by other
sociologists.
• There has been a real increase in crime since 1950s –
especially working class crime.
• Sociology has a ‘crises in explanation’ and fails to fully
consider why?
• BCS suggests reported crime is the tip of the iceberg and
masks the true levels of crime.
• Disadvantaged groups greater risk of becoming victims.
Through victim surveys, Left Realists have
identified the types of crime that people
worry about most:
• Why are these crimes worried about most?
• What crimes do people not worry about, or
worry about a lot less and why?
• Who is most likely to be a victim of these crimes?
• Why would these crimes worry them?
Who is most likely to fear crime
and be a victim of it?
• The poor and deprived
• Ethnic minority groups
• Those living in inner-city areas
Left Realists recognise that most people
don’t care much about white-collar or
corporate crime, because it has little impact
on their lives
Causes of Crime – Lea and Young (1984)
Relative
Deprivation
Subculture
Marginalisation
What do
these mean?
Relative Deprivation
How deprived one feels in
relation to others or
compared with own
expectations.
“the lethal combination is
relative deprivation and
individualism” Young
(1999)
Paradox - the more
prosperous a society the
higher the crime rates.
Causes crime by
encouraging the pursuit of
self interest at the
expense of others.
Individualism fuels this.
Where have you come across
this concept before
Subculture
Groups collective response to the problem of relative
deprivation.
Different groups have different responses to this problem, e.g.
crime to close the deprivation gap, religion – theodicy of
dispriviledge.
Criminal subcultures still subscribe to values and goals of
mainstream society but do not have the means to achieve
them.
Who does this sound like?
Marginalisation
Powerless groups who lack goals and
organisation have no other means of expressing
their frustration and resentment apart from
criminal acts such as violence and rioting.
What would be a conventional means
of expressing frustrations
Jock Young and Late modernity (2002)
Deindustrialisation
increased UE.
Destabilised
families and
communities
Relative
Deprivation
Downwards
Resentment
Upwards and
Downwards
Crime is more
widespread
Less public
consensus on what
is right and wrong
Informal controls
disintegrate
Public less tolerant
and demand harsh
punishments
High crime society
with a low
tolerance for
crime.
Jock Young and Late modernity (2002)
Deindustrialisation
increased UE.
Destabilised
families and
communities
Resentment
Upwards and
Downwards
Crime is more
widespread
Less public
consensus on what
is right and wrong
Public less tolerant
and demand harsh
punishments
High crime society
with a low
tolerance for
crime.
Read page 97.
Informal controls
disintegrate
Relative
Deprivation
Downwards
Task: What do these images
represent?
• In pairs/small groups, have a look at
the image and try to determine the
features of Jock Young’s theory of
late modernity, exclusion and crime.
Jock Young and Late Modern
society…why is it criminogenic?
Who lives
next
door?
Dunno
Ever felt
‘deprived’?
Young uses this idea of inclusion and
• Jock Young seesexclusion
a contrast
to between
describe athese 2
factors as being responsible
for
increasing
‘bulimic society’
feelings of relative deprivation:
Cultural inclusion
Economic
exclusion
A society in which we
take in the
images of
what we could have...
Refers to the way in which Refers to the fact that
weenvy
can and
all view
we all haveand
access
all usalthough
thentoforces
to ‘vomit’
things we can’t all
that is onfrustration
offer today.when
The wethese
cannot achieve these
afford them. This can
media, dreams
adverts,(because
internet we don’t
have
the
money or
lead
to
envy
and
etc all ensure that we all status)
frustration.
can see what is available…
Whose idea is this similar to?
• Many resent the high bonuses of bankers, the
wages of footballers, etc
But this also goes in the other direction:
• Many MC people resent the ‘scroungers’
‘benefit fraudsters’ living off welfare while they
work hard to maintain a living. It makes them
think ‘what’s the point?’
• Likewise, in our celebrity obsessed culture we
are fed images and stories of drug and booze
addled celebrities, hounded by paparazzi, who
yearn for a ‘normal life’ like everyone else.
Maybe deviance is their escape/way of coping?
Activity: Left Realism
Which perspectives would agree?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Relative Deprivation.
Economic change and de-industrialisation.
Importance of values.
Lack of consensus on right and wrong.
Stereotyping of underclass.
Lack of political voice.
Some groups feel marginalised.
Increased individualism.
Expression of frustration through criminal behaviour.
Exclusion from economic activity.
Government policies increase marginalisation.
Crime is a real problem for many.
Tackling Crime – Left Realism
Policing and Control
Tackle Inequalities
Government Policy
Policing and Control
• Police depend on public to report and help
solve crimes.
• Public lose confidence in the Police –
information dries up – Military Policing
methods are used (SUS) – further alienates
community.
Policing and control
• Policing should be accountable
to local communities and deal
with local concerns.
• Routine beat patrols and SUS
are ineffective.
• Over-police minor drug offences
and under-police racist attacks.
• Improve relationship with locals
and focus on what worries
them.
Pre-emptive Deterrence
• The organisation of communities in an
attempt to pre-empt crime is of the
utmost importance.
• Community policing; neighbourhood
watch; CCTV; designing-out crime.
Tackling Structural Causes
• Causes of Crime =
Inequality of
opportunity, unfairness
of rewards
• Solution = Reduce
inequality and
discrimination.
• Provide decent jobs,
houses an community
facilities.
• Tolerant of diversity.
Demarginalisation
"Realists would argue for alternatives to prison",
they would advocate "measures such as
community service orders, victim restitution
schemes, and widespread release from prison"
which would stop "the severance of the moral
bond with the community”
“The institutions that are involved in controlling
crime and criminals must epitomise justice”.
The Minimal Use of Prison
• "Prisons should only be used in those
circumstances where there is extreme danger
to the community... Life inside should be as
free and as 'normal' as possible”.
• Such a demand is not humanitarian idealism it is based on the simple fact that the result of
prison experience is to produce pitiful
inadequates or hardened criminals.
Influence Government Policy
•
However, Jock Young thinks they have
Left realists have
Examples:
not gone
far
enough.
influenced
New
Labour
1. Policing of hate
Policies.
crimes, sexual assaults
and domestic violence.
• “Tough
on crime
and policies
2. ASBOs
to protect
The New
Labour
have
focused
tough on the causes of
vulnerable groups.
more
on
tackling
crime
rather
than
crime.”
3. New Deal for
the root causes of crime.
Unemployed.
Evaluation of Left Realism
 Draws attention to the problem of street crime.
 Accepts authorities definition of crime. Fails to explain
how the powerful commit crimes on the poor.
 Rely on quantitative data – cannot explain offenders
motives. (Interactionists)
 Not everyone who suffers from relative deprivation
becomes a criminal.
 Focus on inner-city makes crime appear a bigger
problem than it is.
Kinsey (1986) The police need to
improve ‘clear-up rates’
• What does ‘clear-up rates’ refer to?
– Crimes solved and offenders caught by Police
• Why might this be important for a community?
– Deter criminals in the future
– Improve community relations and confidence in the Police
– Encourage co-operation with the Police
• Kinsey suggests more community policing and time
spent investigating crimes.
Which is LEFT, which is RIGHT?
More ethnic
minority
police
officers
Biological
factors play a
part in
criminality
Jock
Young
Conservative
Zero
Tolerance
Policing
(more
officers too)
Rational
Choice
Theory
Broken
Windows
Poverty and
Deprivation are
factors
Charles
Murray
Materialistic
messages from the
media has
increased relative
deprivation
Economic
insecurity have ked
to feelings of
relative
deprivation
Had more
influence over
policy under
New Labour
CCTV
Community
service and
inclusion
Inadequate
socialisation
Reform
socialist
New York
city subway
trains
Left Realism and Letters...
Which M is used to describe the idea that people turn
to crime because they feel politically and economically
excluded.
Which B is used to describe a society that is culturally
included, but economically excluded?
Which C describes a concern for Kinsey and other left
realists, because people don’t see justice being served?
Which R describes the theory that people commit
crime because they feel a sense of injustice about what
they don’t have compared to others around them who
may not ‘put in the same effort.’
This kind of society, beginning with L, makes crime
inevitable, since their is less consensus on what is right
and wrong.
Realism – Assessment Questions
1. Assess the value of the right realist approach
to crime and deviance. (21)
2. Assess the value of the left realist approach
to crime and deviance. (21)