The Renaissance &
Reformation
Section 1
The Origins of the Renaissance
The Making of Renaissance
Society
• The Making of Renaissance Society
o "rebirth"
o Age of Recovery
• Economic Recovery
o expansion of trade
o Industries Old & New
o Banking & the Medici
Social Changes in the Renaissance
• The Nobility
o Baldassare Castiglione
o The Book of the Courtier
• The Family in the Renaissance
o Family Bond
o Marriage
o Children
The Italian States in the
Renaissance
• Milan
• Venice
• Republic of Florence
• Medici Family
• Papal States
• Great Schism
• Kingdom of Naples
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Poverty Stricken peasants & Unruly Nobles
Missed out
Machiavelli & the New Statecraft
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Political Animal
The Prince
o "they are ungrateful, fickle, decepting, avoiders of
danger and eager to gain"
o "he should do what is right if he can; but he must be
prepared to do what is wrong if necessary"
Section 2
The Artistic & The Intellectual
Renaissance
The Intellectual Renaissance
• Individualism & Secularism
• Italian Renaissance Humanism
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Humanist Studies
Who?
• Emergence of Humanism
o Petrarch
o Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism
o Classical Latin – Cicero – Prose & Virgil – Poetry
o Life of Solitude – Reject family and Community
15th Century Humanism
• Civic Spirit and pride
• Civic Humanism
o Cicero
o Active Civic life
o Greeks
Renaissance Innovations
• Education
o "Liberal Studies"
o Included: History, ethics, eloquence, letters,
poetry, math, astronomy and Music
o Goal: Path of virtue and wisdom
o "not everyone is obliged to excel in philosophy,
law, or medicine, but all are destined to live in
society and practice virtue"
• Printing Press
o Johannes Gutenberg "The Bible"
The Artistic Renaissance
• Art in the Early Renaissance
o imitation of nature
o Persuade onlookers of the reality of the object or
event
o shift focus to human beings as the center of
attention
Masaccio
• Frescoe’s – Brancacci Chapel – first masterpiece
• New realistic style
• Onlookers become aware of a world of reality
•
that appears to be a continuation of their own
world
Tribute Money
o Story of Jesus’s confrontation by a tax
collector at the entrance of the town of
Capernaum
o Peter – coin – Lake of Galilee
Masaccio
• Tribute Money
Donatello
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David
Time spent in Rome
First known life-size, free standing
Bronze nude
Severed Head of Goliath
Celebrates the Triumph of a
Florentine battle vs. Milan
Filippo Brunelleschi
the Duomo
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Ancient Rome
Complete an unfinished
Dome - Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi
Church of San Lorenzo
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Cosimo De’ Medici
The High Renaissance
• Between 1480-1520
• Importance of Rome – new cultural center
• Leonardo da Vinci
o Transitional figure – help to bring about a shift
o Into many different things
o Move beyond realism – idealized representation of
nature
o Portray the real in idealized form
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
Raphael
Madonna in the Meadow
Raphael
School of Athens
Michaelangelo
Sistine Chapel
Michaelangelo
David
Caravaggio
The Artist and Social Status
• Artists
o Apprentices to masters
o Patrons – commissions
o Leonardo, Raphael, & Michelangelo
o Heroes – eccentric – creative genius
The Northern Renaissance
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Art was different:
Italy
o human form
o realistic settings
o fresco paintings
North
o Gothic Cathedrals
o Stained glass windows
o More emphasis on illuminated manuscripts &Wooden
panels for alter pieces
Jan Van Eyck
• Oil paint
• Wide range of color
• Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Bride
Albrecht Duerer
Adoration of the Magi
Section 3:
The Origins of the Protestant
Reformation
Christian & Northern Renaissance
Humanism
• Humanism spreads to Northern Europe –
•
Renaissance Humanism (Christian
Humanism)
Antiquity Classics + Religion
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Holy Scriptures & writings of early Church leaders
Simple religion distorted by the Middle Ages
• Reform Program
•
Reformers – education – inward religious feelings that
would bring about reform in the church and society
Erasmus
• The Handbook of the Christian Knight
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Christianity – guiding philosophy rather than practices
stressed by the medieval church
inner v. external religiousness
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Version of the Bible –errors
New version
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Humorous – criticism of corruption
Clergy
Foundation of the Reformation
• Latin Vulgate
• Praise of Folly
Sir Thomas Moore
• Italian Humanist
• Learning = Service to the State
• Christian family life
• Utopia ("nowhere“)
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Idealistic life and institutions
Island (New World)
o critique on society - Economic,
Social, and Political problems
• New Social System
Church & Religion on the Eve of the
Reformation
• Corruption in the Church
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Failure of Renaissance Popes
Parish Priests
• The Search for salvation
o Pope Julius II – “warrior pope“
o Fredrick the wise
o Relics
o Indulgences
o Modern Devotion
o disillusionment with Catholic clergy
Martin Luther
• What must I do to be saved?
• Early Luther
• Germany
• Life as a Monk
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University of Wittenberg
Salvation?
o faith alone-the key to salvation
o Bible – Religious Truth
Martin Luther
• The Indulgence Controversey
•
Upset over the selling of Indulgences
o Johann Tetzel
o Selling Indulgences

"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from
purgatory springs"
• 95 Theses
o Pope Leo X
 "some drunken German monk who will amend his ways
when he sobers up"
Martin
Luther
• A Break with the Church
o Sacraments
o Doctrine of Salvation
• Edict of Worms
o Charles V
 "A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity must
be wrong!"
o Frederick of Saxony
Martin Luther
• Rise of Lutheranism
o Protesting Prince's of Germany
 religious and political reasons
o Catholic Mass
o Married Ministers
• The Peasants War
Martin Luther
• Politics of German Reformation
o Religious and Political reasons for staying Catholic
• Difficulties
o Francis I (France)
o Pope Clement VII
o Ottoman Empire
o Politics of Holy Roman Empire
• Peace of Augsburg
Section 4:
The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation & the Catholic Response
Spread of Protestant
Reformation
• Spread of Protestant Reformation
Concept Map Assignment
The Social Impact of the Reformation
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Family
o center of human life
o status of women
o literacy
Education
o schools for everyone
o responsibility of the State
Religious Practices & Popular Culture
o curtailing of religious practices
o ending of religious festivals and holy days
The Catholic Reformation
• Revival of the Old
o St Teresa of Avila
o Capuchins
• Society of Jesus
o Ignatius of Loyola
o The Spirti
• 2 Major Activities
o education
o missions
A Revived Papacy
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•
Pope Paul III
o Roman Inquisition or Holy Office
Council of Trent
Issues
Moderates
Conservatives
Final Doctrine:
Traditional
Scripture
Faith & Good Works
Sacraments
Clergy
Purgutory
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