CELLS ARE NOT JUST IN
PRISONS
© T.P. Thould
May 1999
CELLS
Every Plant and Animal is
made up of cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life which can
perform the seven characteristics of living things.
Different cells are adapted to do different
jobs in the bodies of plants and animals.
These are called SPECIALISED CELLS
LIVING THINGS
Every living thing - plant and animal
have eight common features
(characteristics).
These eight characteristics are shared
by all living things.
They must have all eight characteristics
to be called a living thing.
THE EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIVING THINGS
1
Movement
5
Feeding
2
Respiration
6
Excretion
3
Sensitivity
7
Reproduction
4
Cells
8
Growth
MRS
C
FERG
Test
1
Movement - find food, escape , etc..
2
Respiration - for energy
3
Sensitivity -
4
Cells - to form the body tissues and organs
that can carry out the other seven life
processes.
5
Feeding - for growth and repair
6
Excretion - get rid of waste
7
Reproduction - survival of the species
8
Growth - to mature, to repair
detect stimuli
AN ANIMAL CELL
E.g. A cheek
lining cell
CELL
MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
A PLANT CELL
E.g. A Palisade Leaf Cell
NUCLEUS
CELLULOSE
CELL WALL
VACUOLE
CYTOPLASM
CELL
MEMBRANE
CHLOROPLASTS
Test
COMMON STRUCTURES
Plant and animal cells have the same three
structures in common, what are they?
What other structures does the plant cell have that the
animal cell does not?
N
COMMON STRUCTURES
Plant and animal cells have the same three
structures in common:Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
A PLANT CELL
These parts are only found in plant cells.
Large
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS COMPARED
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
•Have a nucleus
•Have a nucleus
•Have a cell membrane
•Have a cell membrane
•Have cytoplasm
•Have cytoplasm
•Can have chloroplasts
•Have cellulose cell
walls
•Never have
chloroplasts
•No cell wall
•Have large vacuoles
which contain cell sap
•May have small food
vacuoles
•Regular in shape
•Irregular in shape
PARTS OF A
MICROSCOPE
Eyepiece
Lens
Handle
Objective
Lens
Focusing
Knob
Stage
Mirror
Test
BY NOW YOU
SHOULD KNOW…..
•How to set up a microscope
•The parts of the microscope
•What the parts of the microscope do
•That slides need to be stained to be
seen more clearly e.g. by Iodine
BY KNOW YOU
SHOULD KNOW…..
•The main parts of a plant and
animal cell
•The differences between plant and
animal cells
•The similarities between plant and
animal cells
NUCLEUS
This is the control centre of any cell. It controls all
of the cells chemical reactions. It is found in the
Cytoplasm in both animal and plant cells
Chromosomes
Genes
It contains thread - like strands which are called
Chromosomes. These have the Genes which instruct
the cell on how it is to grow and function
CYTOPLASM
This is the jelly - like part of
a cell where the nucleus is
found. Chemical reactions
take place here and different
substances are made.
Animal cells are made mainly of
Cytoplasm but Plant Cells have a
thin layer of Cytoplasm
CELL MEMBRANE
This is a thin skin
surrounding the
Cytoplasm.
It controls materials going
in and out of the cell.
CELLULOSE CELL WALL
This holds plant
cells together and
gives it strength.
Cell Membrane
Only plant cells have
Cellulose Cell Walls
they are never found
in animal cells
VACUOLE
This contains a
watery liquid
called Cell Sap
which helps to keep
the cell firm and
stop the plant from
wilting
Plant cells have large vacuoles but only a
few animal cells have small food vacuoles
CHLOROPLASTS
Only plant cells
contain
Chloroplasts
These are structures found in the cytoplasm
which contain Chlorophyll. This absorbs
sunlight energy during Photosynthesis
BY NOW YOU SHOULD
KNOW …..
•The different parts of Plant and
animal cells
•The main functions ( Jobs ) of the
different parts of the cells
SPECIALISATION
•
•
•
•
•
Not all cells look the same
Not all cells do the same job
Different cells do different jobs ( functions )
They are Specialised
They are adapted to do a particular special
job
• Their shape and parts help them to do the
special job - this is SPECIALISATION
WHAT ARE THESE?
B
WHAT IS
THEIR JOB
(FUNCTION?)
A
HOW ARE THEY
ADAPTED?
C
E
D
N
A SPERM CELL
Tail for
swimming
Acrosome to make a hole
in the ovum wall for the
sperm to get into the ovum
Mitochondrion to make
energy to move the tail
Nucleus with
male
chromosomes
Its job is to fertilize the ovum ( egg ) cell
Test
A PALISADE CELL
Makes food for the plant to use for growth,
energy etc.
CHLOROPLASTS
These have Chlorophyll which absorbs the
energy from the sunlight and uses it to
make sugar by Photosynthesis
A CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELL
Cilia
These cells line the windpipe
and the Cilia trap dirt and
dust particles stopping them
blocking the lungs up and
causing disease.
The Cilia brush the dust up
and out of the windpipe
They also line the Oviduct and move
the Egg along it towards the Womb
A ROOT HAIR CELL
Absorbs water from the surrounding soil particles.
SOIL
Root Hair gives
the cell a larger
surface area
through which
it can take in
more water.
AN OVUM CELL
Nucleus
Contains the female
set of chromosomes.
Allows only one
sperm inside before
blocking any other
ones from getting in
Cell Membrane
WHAT ARE THESE?
B
WHAT IS
THEIR JOB
(FUNCTION?)
A
HOW ARE THEY
ADAPTED?
C
E
D
N
BY NOW YOU
SHOULD KNOW…..
•What is meant by Specialised Cell
•How to recognise four specialised cells
•What there functions are
•What adaptations the cells have to do
their jobs
The remaining slides are
Year 10 work.
If you have finished and
learned the work so far
then have a go at these.
EXTRA WORK IF YOU HAVE FINISHED THE REST!
MORE SPECIALISED
CELLS
RED BLOOD CELL
NERVE CELL
WHITE BLOOD CELL
MUSCLE CELL
Click on these in turn and copy the diagrams
and notes into your books.
WHITE CELL
Defends body against disease by killing
Microbes - Bacteria and Viruses
White Cell
Bacterium
Defends body against disease by killing
Microbes - Bacteria and Viruses
They do this by engulfing them - surrounding the
bacteria and trapping it inside the cell and
destroying it.
They also make chemicals called Antibodies which kill
the bacteria a few days after being infected.
Red Blood
Cell
Carries Oxygen by joining it to the red pigment Haemoglobin forming Oxyhaemoglobin
To do this well it has no nucleus and a biconcave shape
giving it more surface area to carry more Oxygen
around the body
A Nerve Fibre
Carries impulses from one part of the body to
another. The longest cell in the body.
Direction of impulse
Cell Body
Dendrons connects
with other nerve
fibres
Myelin Sheath
insulates the fiibre
Muscle
Muscle Cells
Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract)
making different parts of our body move
Muscle Cells
Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract)
making different parts of our body move