And the Renaissance
• Byzantine Empire is still around
• Nobles: aristocrats, lords, higher class
• Serf: a peasant bound to a lord’s land
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The Black Death ( Bubonic Plague )
*Preconditions and Causes
population growth due to increased food supply
population outgrows food supply= causes malnutrition
unemployment
growth of towns (people looking for jobs, food, etc.)overcrowding
trash, sewage, cleanliness
multiple families in _one_ house
famine – shortage of food (p 315-317)
• 1331 – bubonic plague broke out in China
• *1346 – came by Asian caravan routes to Russia= Asian Trade
Routes
• 1347 – reaches Italy
• 1348 – reaches England
• Causes of Movement
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Fleas – main carrier of Yersinia pestis
black rat – main carrier of fleas
traveled in cargo on ships
Had no idea how it was spread back then
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Causes of Spreading
poor sanitation
overcrowded cities
poor hygiene- advised people to not bathe
Symptoms
boil in armpit, groin, or neck
black spots or blotches caused by bleeding under the skin
coughing & spitting up blood
a. at least how many people died in Europe? 25 Million
Treatment – very little known
lance boil early and drain pus, one might live
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Effects
*Jews blamed
People move to country – fewer rats
More poor died than rich
People obsessed with death and dying (pessimism)
*Labor shortage (peasants/serfs demanded their payment be
switched to cash wages)
increase in wages
serfs desire to move to cities for higher paying jobs
*political power of serfs increases= lords down; serfs up
class conflicts arise
*Black Death ended serfdom in England
• Landowners in Europe passed laws to freeze wages and forced peasants to
• stay on their farms (manors)
• *In England the Statue of Laborers was passed by Parliament. This law
_froze____ wages to pre-plague levels. (1351)
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• What is Parliament?
• English Law making body
• What are the two houses of Parliament?
• House of lords: nobles, aristocrats, archbishops
• House of Commons: townspeople and knights
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• Many clergy died from caring for the sick
• Church left in hands of the incompetent- laity (not a clergy)
• Church gains wealth from religious services for dead and dying
• Church gains wealth from gifts
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families would leave members to die alone
asceticism – the idea that if you suffered like Jesus did, God will give you relief
religious extremists – somebody outside the norm
*flagellants – ppl who whip themselves to get rid of the sin that that caused the plague
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Encouraged by Pope Clement V
Heroes of the day
Did it for penance
Blamed the Jews
Turn on churches after the Jews raid and loot church
Pope demands nobles to kill all flagellants
• One result of the Black Death: Flagellants.
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Plaque Pits--bodies of the Black Death—archeology dig
Black Death Doctor
• lack of confidence in leaders – unrest
• rise in power of kings over lords and the church
• *Before the Black Death the traditional containers of the
monarchy in the Middle Ages was the __church___ and the
__lords____.
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Timeline of events that caused the War ( 1337 – 1453) (116 yrs)
Treaty of Paris – 1259
English King becomes vassal of Aquitaine (Fr. Terr.)
1327 - King Edward II(Eng) murdered by his wife Isabella ( daughter of Phillip
IV of France) & her lover Roger de Mortimer
1327 - Edward III (son of Isabella) at age 14 becomes king of Eng.
has Mortimer executed and mother jailed
grandson of Philip IV the Fair of France (once king of France)
1328 – Charles IV(king of France dies-last surviving son of Phillip IV)
no male heir—Charles IV was last Capetian King of France.
1328 -Philip VI (the fortunate) (cousin of Charles IV-Fr.)(cousin of Edward III-Eng.)
French nobles placed as king of __France__. Philip VI=First Valois King of Fr.
French nobles didn’t want 15 year old Edward III to be English King of France
1329 - King Edward III(Eng) pays homage to Philip VI(Fr) for territories in France
1337 – Philip VI(Fr.) claims Aquitaine for France
start of conflict between Eng. & Fr.
*at the outset of the war _France’s___ population was larger than England’s
Edward III (Eng) proclaims himself king of France since he was the last male
descendant of Philip IV of France (his grandfather)
• civil war in France breaks out
• some French barons support the English in order to stop the French king from
• gaining power.
• 1. what is a baron
• 2. *internal disunity= major disagreements inside your own country; major
reason for France’s early failure
• Philip VI depreciates currency & borrows money from Italy=(Italian citystates)
• *Estates General ( French council)= not a law-making body; only approves
certain taxes; 3 Estates= 1) Clergy 2) Nobles 3) Townspeople
• uses king’s wish to tax to gain power over territories (fiefdoms)
• English army more disciplined & armed
• *longbow= fire 3 arrows in the time it took a Frenchman to load their crossbows;
200ys; penetrate 1in of armor; 6 arrows per minute
• poor French leadership
• Conflict During the Reign of Edward III (LETTERS A-G)
• embargoes English wool to Flanders (the Flemish-made money from
tapestry) [Fl. allegiance would seesaw during war]
• rebellions against French
• Jacob van Artevelde –1340- leads revolt against French
• Flemish cities sign alliance with England.
• 1. recognize Edward III (Eng.) as King of France
• 1340 – England gains control of the English Channel (naval victory at
Bay of Sluys)
• 1346 – England has most of Normandy after Battle of Crecy--Black
Prince= England’s best military commander, Edward III’s son
• 1. Black Prince takes Fr. city of Calais/ *1347-Black Death
truce=brief lull in the war
• 1356 – Battle of Poitiers (Phillip VI has died in 1350 before the
Battle of Poitiers)
• *English led by the Black Prince capture King John II the
Good of France
• Breakdown of French political order
• Estates General takes over
• increased taxes on peasants
• force peasants to repair war damages
• * Fr. peasants’ revolts 1358- called the Jacquerie—brutally
crushed
• *Burden of the war fell on the peasants for both England and
France
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1360 – Treaty of Bretigny (Peace of Bretigny-Calais)
ended Edward’s vassalage to France
gains total control over some French territories
French pay 3 million gold crowns for King John II the Good’s
ransom
• Edward III renounces claim to French throne
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• People on both sides knew the treaty wasn’t going to last
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1369 – 1386 = Fighting resumes
New French king Charles V (the _wise_) attacks English holdings in France
retakes some of the lost land
1376-Black Prince Dies--1377-King Edward III (Eng) dies after a fifty year
reign.
1377 – King Richard II (Eng) (Grandson of Edward III & son of Bl. Pr.) takes
throne
internal problems= internal disunity
*1381 peasants revolt was caused primarily by the anger over the
__statue___ of __laborers_____
John Ball- secular priest who becomes leader of a peasant army
Wat Tyler- journey, craftsman
crushed
-----1380 New French King Charles VI (the _mad_) takes the throne.---------1399 Richard II forced to abdicate: his cousin King Henry IV (Eng) takes
throne--1413 – New King Henry V(Eng), son of Henry IV, takes throne-English Army
strikes hard in Normandy and wins battle of Agincourt.
• ***1420 – *Treaty of Troyes (intention of treaty was to disinherit Charles
VI’s son)
• King Charles VI(Fr) accepts King Henry V(Eng) as heir to French throne
• 1422 – both King Charles VI(Fr) & King Henry V(Eng) die (Henry V dies
about two months ahead of Charles VI)
• Henry VI(Eng), son of King Henry V, takes throne of Eng. & France
• – Charles VII (The Dauphin) (Fr), son of King Charles VI, declares himself king
of France. (most French people recognized Charles VII as their king,
therefore, ignoring the Treaty of Troyes) Charles VII did not take a crown
until 1429.
• 1428 – English invade southern France – besieged Orleans
• 1429 – *Joan of Arc convinces Charles VII to give her permission to
accompany French force to lift siege of Orleans. How did Joan convince the
Dauphin? Told him she was sent by God
• 1. _17_ year old peasant girl from Lorraine.
• 2. Joan of Arc took an _arrow__ in the shoulder
• 1429 – King Charles VII crowned at Rheims encouraged by Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc
Charles VII, King of France
King Henry V of Eng. winner of Agincourt
King Henry VI of Eng. and “Fr.”
• 1430 – Joan of Arc was captured by Burgundians (allies of England
at the time)
• ransomed to the English for inquisition= accused Joan of being a witch
• 1431 – **Joan of Arc burned at the stake as a heretic
• 1436 – France retakes Paris
• 1444 – Truce of Tours – fighting stopped until 1449
• 1450 – France conquers Normandy, except Calais
• 1453 – France captures Bordeaux =kicks English out of Aquitaine=
marking the end of the war. Calais is the only English possession left
in France after the war.
• 1920 – Joan of Arc canonized and declared a saint by the RCC
• *Costs and Consequences of the Hundred Years’ War (effects
of the war)
• *France
• loss of population
• disrupted trade and the great fairs
• heavy taxation to support war contributed to widespread
dissatisfaction among
• peasants
• growth of nationalism = deep pride in one’s country
• used _cannons__ to destroy the English __castles__ in France.
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*England
loss in manpower
breakdown in law and order – most knights gone
raise taxes on wool crop – wool exports hurt; Eng. did develop
its own clothing industry
• $5 million spent on war
• English Parliament gains more power
• growth of nationalism
King Edward III of Eng. started the war
King of Fr. Phillip VI=nephew of Edward III
• The Thirteenth-Century Papacy
• *Pope Innocent III had elaborated the doctrine of plenitude of
power—The teaching that the pope has power over all other
bishops of the church—made the church a great secular power,
especially in politics. He made plen. of power Papal
Supremacy= authority over everyone
• 1. What does secular mean? Worldly, non-religious
• The church became more involved in politics and less concerned
with the spiritual well being of their believers.
• Pope Urban IV established the church’s own court, Rota
__Romana____.
• The College of Cardinals became very politicized.
• Pope Innocent III had declared that no clergy were to pay taxes
to secular authorities, such as kings and lords, without papal
consent. (1215)
• French King Phillip IV was attempting to collect taxes from the
clergy.
• In the Bull Clericis laicos, Pope Boniface the VIII refused to allow clergy to
pay taxes. (1296) What is a papal bull? A papal declaration that
everybody is supposed to follow (a decree or law given by the Pope)
• Phillip IV the Fair responded by not allowing any church money to flow to
Rome.
• *Eventually, Boniface VIII allowed the clergy to be taxed, but then
reversed course when another dispute broke out. Boniface pointedly said,
“God has set popes over _Kings__ and kingdoms.”—Bull of Ausculta
fili=the church over the state. (1301)
• *Boniface now declared Unam Sanctam, a statement of papal authority
that declared that temporal authority was subject to spiritual power of the
church.
• Phillip IV soon sent an army and beat the pope up at his retreat in
Anagni, and almost executed him, before a crowd helped him escape to
Rome. Pope Boniface VIII soon died of his wounds.
• A pope would no longer seriously challenge a king’s power.
• *Moved the papal court (capital) to Avignon, France. (starts Babylonian
Captivity of the Church) (1309)
• Clement V was forced into French subservience—said Unam Sanctum
should not diminish French royal authority.
• Clement V dominated the College of Cardinals
• III. The Avignon Papacy=(Babylonian Captivity of the Church) 13091377
• Pope Clement VI began the practice of selling indulgences or pardons
for _unrepented_______ sins to make more money.
• The idea of purgatory was enhanced: why? *What is purgatory?
• Place between heaven and hell (closer to hell), where your sins would
be burned (living can pray you out of purgatory or try to lessen your
time if God would see fit to grant His mercy upon your soul)
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• By the 15th century the church extended indulgence purchase to dead
relatives.
• Eventually, for the most part, Rome was forgotten about.
• The Avignon popes became very concerned with wealth.
• Many countries resented the Avignon papacy.
• Lollards supported John Wycliffe and his reforms. Started in 1370’s
• Wycliffe spoke out against church doctrine and the hierarchy of the church as
well at its principles. *He was a spokesman for the rights of royalty over the
Pope.- State over church
• Wycliffe maintained that personnel _merit (character/morality)___ not rank
and office, was the true basis of religious authority. Also, said the Bible
should be translated into English. Bible should be the basis of Christianity.
• Wycliffe began to translate the _Bible__ into English.
• Wycliffe was accused of *Donatism:
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The heresy that taught the efficacy of the sacraments depended
on the moral character of the clergy who administered them
• *Lollardy was considered a _capitol_____ offence (starting in 1401)
• Was a follower of Wycliffe and a professor at the university of Prague.
• *The University of Prague became the center for Czech nationalism and
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religious reform. In this time period the Czech Rep. was called
Bohemia, HRE.
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2. One of the great reformers was John Hus. What is a follower of
Hus called? Hussites
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3. Hus and other Czech reformers supported vernacular translation
of the bible and they rejected the Eucharist. What is vernacular?
• Translation of the Bible into the common (or everyday) language of the people
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4. Hus was excommunicated and Prague was placed under an
interdiction.
• 5. At the Council of Constance, Hus was burned at the stake. (1415)
• 6. (Vahn Ziska: new leader of Hussites)The Taborites, militant Hussites,
revolted and received religious reforms at the Council of Basel. The Hussites
ran their own church for a while.
• Two Popes and the Great Schism=Having two or more Popes
• After the death of Pope Gregory XI, the cardinals in Rome elected Urban
VI as pope in 1378. Gregory XI had moved the papacy back to Rome in
1377.
• 5 months later French Cardinals elected their own pope, Clement VII, in
Avignon, saying they had been forced to vote for Urban VI by a mob in
Rome.
• *The Conciliar Theory of Church Government
• The Conciliar theory sought to fashion a _church_ in which a
representative council could effectively regulate the actions of the pope.
• The conciliarists defined the church as the whole body faithful . . . pg. 309
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Council of Pisa (1409-10)
Councils representing both popes met in Pisa and deposed both the Roman
and Avignon popes; and elected Alexander V. (democratic)
2. Neither Roman nor Avignon pope accepted the council’s decision. Now
Europe had _3___ popes who all _excommunicated___ each other.
D. *Council of Constance (1414-1417)
1. *This finally settled the papal dispute and all agreed Martin V was the
official pope who would reside in Rome.
E. Council of Basel (1431-1449)
1. Granted certain freedoms to Hussites which were later
revoked.
2. Councils were later condemned by Pope Pius II.
F. 1460- Pope Pius II condemned councils calling them
“completely null and void.”
• *Renaissance = Rebirth, time of transition from medieval to modern
times, revival of ancient learnings
• *national consciousness- people began to think of themselves as part of
a nation
• *political centralization- feudalism is on its way out (almost) in western
Europe
• urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism= freemarket economy (everybody’s in charge of their own money)
• secular control of thought and culture/edu. in middle ages= RCC in
charge of education
• revival of ancient classics
• interest in Latin and especially Greek
• appreciation of the worth and creativity of individuals
• geographical gateway between East and West-especially the
city of Venice.*
• *merchants mastered business skill
• bookkeeping, scouting new markets, securing monopolies= one
business controls an entire industry or product
• growth of Italian city-states
• free of king’s control.
• merchant oligarchies= elite group of rulers
• *most eventually developed into despotism= dictatorship
• *Endemic warfare between the Pope and the HREs (constant)
• . Social Class and Conflict in Florence
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a. Signoria – group of 6 to 8 men who ruled Florence (chosen
from guilds= group of ppl who run trade or crafts (gang-like)
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• b. **Social Classes of Florence
• *Grandi - old rich =nobles and merchants who traditionally ruled Florence
• *Popolo Grosso – new rich = new merchant class: capitalists & bankers
(challenge old rich for political power)
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i. late 1200’s and 1300’s began to challenge old rich for political
power
• *Burgher = guild masters, small shop owners, professionals=middle class
• *Popolo Minuto – paupers=lower economic class. 1/3 of the population.
• Class Conflict
• power struggle
• *Ciompi Revolt = great revolt of the poor (1378). 4-yr. chaotic
reign of Pop. Min.
• started because of feuding between old and new rich
• started because of social anarchy resulting from the Black
Death
• started because of collapse of banks which left poor vulnerable
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Despotism and diplomacy
Despot = one vested with absolute power – a tyrant
hired by the Signoria
Cosimo de’ Medici – head of Office of Public Debt
wealthiest man in Florence-a patron-(Renaissance starts)
i. a patron is a financial supporter. Cosimo de’ Medici
gave money to artist, engineers, etc.—start of Ren.
manipulated constitution
influenced elections and began to run town around 1434
used office to control factions
Lorenzo de’ Medici the Magnificent (ruled 1478-92; grandson of Cosimo)
totalitarian rule of Florence (Expanded Renaissance)
expanded Renaissance by his patronage of major artist
Patzi family wants to kill Lorenzo b/c he accidentally killed their brother)
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• Diplomacy
• political turbulence(changing of despots, etc) & warfare led to
diplomacy
• city-states establish embassies in other city-states
• exchange of culture due to wealth
• Renaissance occurs and spreads throughout __Italy and
Europe___
• **Humanism = scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of
ancient Church Fathers in the hope of a rebirth of ancient norms and
values
• emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and
capabilities
• Cicero said it meant the literary culture needed by anyone who would
be considered educated and civilized.
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• Studia Humanitatis – study of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history,
politics, and moral philosophy
• Leonardo Bruni (Florentine – 1370-1444)
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1. first gave name to the learning that resulted from such
scholarly pursuits
• Humanism vs. Scholasticism
• Humanists did not focus all attention on summarizing and comparing views of
recognized authorities on a text or question but went to original sources
• bible and classics
• *Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) – father of humanism
• Letters to the Ancient Dead – letters to Cicero, Livy, Vergil, & Horace
• Africa – historical tribute to Roman general Scipio
• Love sonnets – most famous work about a married women, Laura, who he
admired
• Dante (1265-1321)
• Divine Comedy – a journey through hell, purgatory, & paradise
• Boccaccio
• a pioneer of humanist studies
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b. *Civic Humanism: using humanism to improve society (pg G3)
• INDIVIDUALISM = quest for glory
• stressed personality, genius, uniqueness, and the uniqueness, and
the fullest development of capabilities and talents.
• Leon Battista Alberti – writer, architect, & mathematician
• “Men can do all things if they will.”
• SECULARISM = concentrate on the here and now, often on the
acquisition of material things
• basic concern with the material world instead of eternal and
spiritual
• Perspective= 3D look to art
• concerned with the observation of the natural world & human
emotions
• mathematical order of symmetry and proportion
• Technology
• oil paints
• shading to enhance naturalness
• adjusting the size of figures to give the feeling of perspective
(three dimensional)
• *Giotto(1266-1336) – father of Renaissance painting; painted world
in a natural way
• *Donatello(1386-1466) – sculptor
• a. statue of David
• *Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)
• scientific experiments
• dissected corpses to learn anatomy
• botanists
• painter
• Mona Lisa
• Last Supper
• Madonna and Child with St. Anne
• St. John the Baptist
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*Raphael(1483-1520)
Madonna’s 7 frescos and School of Athens
*Michelangelo(1475-1564)
Sculptor
David and Moses
Painter of frescoes
Sistine Chapel in Rome (today Vatican City) 4yrs. to complete.
Mannerism – new art style
permitted the artist to express his or her own individual perceptions
and feelings
• 6. *_Titan____.
• a. Painter T
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1. David and Goliath
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Art & Power
Guilds or religious groups commissioned works of art. (why?)
Art served an educational purpose – main use in church.
Individuals and oligarchs instead of corporate groups,
sponsored works of art.
why?
Individualism?
Secularism?
High Renaissance – 1450-1527 = Florence and Rome center of
art
• King Charles VIII of France
• Invaded Italy, with the support of the pope, and severely destabilized the
Peninsula.
• Pope Julius II
• Got rid of the Borgia Popes who collaborated with the French invasions.
• He expanded the Papal States.
• Second Holy League
• Pope Julius, Ferdinand of Aragon, and Venice formed a second Holy League and were
joined by HR Emperor Maximillian and the Swiss. The League defeated France at
Novara. (1513)
• The French avenged Novara and defeated Swiss soldiers at Marignano
• The victory won the Concordat of Bologna :
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• Above wars set the stage for the Hapsburg-Valois Wars between France and
Spain; France lost all four wars.
• Wrote the Prince, The Art of War, and his famous quotes were:
“The end justifies the means” and, “Better to be feared than
loved.”
• Doesn’t matter how you achieve your goal, just as long as you
achieve it!
• The Town and the King Ally: bypassing lord & weaken feudalism
• Read pg. 335 on your own time very carefully.
• *Monarchs taxed many but not the _nobility ____. (exception England)
• France
• After the Hundred Years’ War, Charles VII’s son Louis XI defeated Charles
the Bold, the Duchy of Burgundy. (1477)
• Louis XI doubled the size of France
• Spain-Crazy Izzy and Ferdi—both eventually kicked out of Spain
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were married essentially
creating Spain. (1469)
• __France______ and _Portugal_____ objected to the marriage.
• *What did Ferdinand and Isabella accomplish:
• Christianize Spain (Make it RCC)
• Conquered the _Muslims__.
• Conquered the Kingdom of Navarre. (1512)
• Limited the power of nobility.
• Sent Columbus on his voyage. (1492)
• Before Ferdinand and Isabella, Iberian Pen. had long tolerated three
religions— Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
• Spain appointed high clergy and controlled the Catholic Church in their
realm.
• Inquisition: church court set up to try heretics
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• *Coversos and Moriscos: Jews or Muslims forced to convert to Catholicism
• England
• War of the Roses (1455-1485)- Civil War
• Fought between the House of York (_White_ Rose) and House of
Lancaster (__Red__ Rose).
• Henry VII and the Lancastrian clan eventually came out on top.
• Henry VII created the Court of Star Chamber, a much more equitable court
than the previous one in which nobles used intimidation and bribery. (1487)
• Henry weakened the power of the nobles.
• c.
Henry VII was the first king of the new Tudor dynasty
• The Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
• Never developed a strong centralized government. Why?
• broken up into hundreds of fiefdoms, feudal fighting, fighting w/
Pope and HRE
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• *The Golden Bull: see page 338
• Influence
• Italian students moving north (Northern Ren. starts in modern day
Netherlands)
• Merchants through trade
• Brothers of the Common Life
• religious movement that permitted a shared religious life
• devoted to religious reforms
• Invention of the printing press
• *Johann Gutenberg (1468) – invented printing with movable type in Europe
• books were accessible on a variety of topics
• religion
• how-to books
• made books more available & cheaper
• literacy increased
• Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) –most famous northern humanist
& life long RC
• religious reforms
• Colloquies – collection of anti-clerical dialogues and satires on
popular religious superstition
• Believed that disciplined study of the classics and the Bible was the
best way to reform both individuals and society.
• Believed in ancient Christian sources
• edited works of Church fathers and produced a Greek edition of the
new Testament
• a church authorities disapproved
• b.* influenced Martin Luther who started the 1st non-Catholic (Christian)
religion
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Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion
Age of Discovery = 1450 – 1650
era of advances in geographical knowledge and technology
Age of Reconnaissance
preliminary exploration – sketched physical outline of earth
Martin Behaim – first globe map of the world (1492)
Age of Expansion
migration of Europeans to other parts of the world
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VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY AND THE NEW EMPIRE IN THE WEST
Gold and Spices
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) = Portugal
sailing school inspired by the Muslims
explored African coast
gold
Antwerp (Belgium)– port & financial center of Europe
Amsterdam(Netherlands)
found Dutch East India Company(1602)
found Dutch West India Company(1650)
spices:
1. preserve & enhance taste
c. *Portugal delivered many _slaves__ to Europe.
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Bartholomew Dias (d. 1500) = Portugal
rounded tip of Africa – Cape of Good Hope (1487)
3. Vasco da Gama (d.1524) = Portugal
a. reached the coast of India for spices (1498)-60xprofit
challenged Arabs and Venetians for control of spice trade
*Columbus (1451 – 1506) = sailed for Spanish (originally from
Genoa, Italy)
western route to the Indies (ships taken: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria)
Columbus discovered America (not the current United States) with the
help of Martin Alonso Pinzon the captain of the Pinta.
1. *expected first landfall to be Cipango (Japan)
2. landed at San Salvador (Watling Island) in October, 1492
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Amerigo Vespucci (1451 – 1512) = Spanish
explored east coast of South America
Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521) = Spanish
sailed around the world = sailed west to reach east
Marco Polo(1254 – 1324) = Italian
traveled to China by land
John Cabot(1450 – 1498) = England
explored coast of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
Jacques Cartier(1491 – 1557) = France
explored St. Lawrence region in modern day Canada
• Conquest & exploitation take advantage of
• Cortez – 1519 =conquered Aztecs in Mexico; ended Montezuma II reign. Sought
an alliance . . .
• Gold
• Conquistador= ( Conqueror ) after 2 ½ yrs. conquered Tenochtitlan & Aztec
Emp.
• Pizarro – 1528 = conquered Incas (experiencing a civil war) in modern day
Peru, South America with 200 soldiers; assassinated/executed
Atahuapula=Incan ruler.
• Gold/silver
• What three things allowed the Spanish to conqueror the New World?
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guns, germs, steel, (horses)
• -----------------Disregard---------------------• Religious
• St. Francis Xavier – 1549 = established Christianity in India, Indonesia, and
Japan
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The Economy of Exploitation
Mining –
gold
silver
Potosi, Peru = main mining center
Spanish crown received 1/5 of all mining revenues
forced labor – slavery. Who were the first slaves in the New
World?
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Agriculture
hacienda = Spanish plantation
*peninsulares – from Iberian peninsula and moved to new world
owner of haciendas
*creoles – somebody of Spanish decent born in the new world
owners of haciendas
2. three major products
foodstuff for mining areas and urban centers
1. sugar and __tobacco__; later on __coffee___
leather goods used in mining machines
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urban service occupations
government offices
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legal profession
shipping
controlled by peninsulares or creoles
3. economic activity
Disregard
• control jobs
• 4. *What are the three major Components of the Latin American Economy?
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1. mining (gold, silver, lead, copper)
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2. agriculture (sugar, tobacco, coffee)
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3. shipping
• Labor Servitude
• *encomienda = grant that gave a peninsulares or creoles the right to the
labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time
• disappeared because Spain feared power that peninsulares or creoles might
obtain (could have thousands of Indians at their disposal)
• disappeared because of humanitarian feelings
• *repartimiento = required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of
days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises
• mita – repartimiento in Peru mines
• forced to work hard due to lack of time available
• many died
• debt peonage = free labor but were forced to buy goods from land or mine
owners
• indebted forever
• black (sub-Saharan) slavery. Why?? Immune to European disease
• death of Native Americans
• measles, smallpox, and typhoid brought over by Europeans
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The Impact on Europe
Inflation – influx of spices and precious metals
Increase in amount of coinage in circulation
Wages and rents rose slowly
New Wealth
research and expansion in printing, shipping, mining, textile, and
weapons
capitalism = ownership of means of production privately or
corporately
monopolies –
loans with high interest
Expectations of lower class
ideas of greater freedom and a chance at a better life
reforms
• Explorers Motives
• desire to Christianize Muslims and pagan peoples—Mulsims not
in New World pagan: polytheistic; example: Cortez & Aztecs
• to seek fortunes
• government encouragement through sponsorship—Ferniand &
Isabella pay for Columbus’s ships for voyage
• Renaissance curiosity about the world--national
• Quest for resources
• See power point and HANDOUT; write definition of Columbian
Exchange on handout.