Unit 12








Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Rates of Disorder
 How
should we define psychological
disorders?
 How should we understand
disorders?
 How should we classify psychological
disorders?
 Psychological
disorders
 Deviant behavior
 Distressful behavior
 Harmful dysfunctional behavior
 Definition varies by context/culture
 Attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
 Philippe Pinel
 Medical model
 Mental illness (psychopathology)
 Interaction of nature and nurture
 Influence of culture on disorders
 Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM)
 DSM-IV-TR
 DSM-5
 International
Classification of
Diseases (ICD-10)
 Criticisms of the DSM
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 Rosenhan’s study
 Power of labels
 Preconception can stigmatize
 Insanity label
 Stereotypes of the mentally
 Self-fulfilling prophecy
ill
 Anxiety
disorders
 Generalized anxiety disorder
 Panic disorder
 Phobia
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
 Post-traumatic stress disorder
1. I do not tire quickly
2. I believe I am no more nervous than others
3. I have very few headaches
4. I work under a great deal of tension
5. I frequently notice my hand shakes when I try do something
6. I blush no more often than others
7. I have diarrhea one a month or more
8. I worry quite a bit over possible misfortunes
9. I practically never blush
10. I am often afraid that I am going to blush
11. My hands and feet are usually warm enough
12. I sweat very easily even on cool days
13. Sometimes when embarrassed, I break out in a sweat
14. I hardly ever notice my heart pounding, and I am seldom short of
breath
15. I feel hungry almost all of the time
16. I am very seldom troubled by constipation
17. I have a great deal of stomach trouble
18. I have had periods in which I lost sleep over worry
19. I am easily embarrassed
20. I am more sensitive than most other people
21. I frequently find myself worrying about something
22. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be
23. I am usually calm and not easily upset
24. I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all of the time
25. I am happy most of the time
26. It makes me nervous to have to wait
27. Sometimes I become so excited I find it hard to get to sleep
28. I have sometimes felt that difficulties piling up so high I couldn't get over
them
29. I admit I have felt worried beyond reason over small things
30. I have very few fears compared to my friends
31. I certainly feel useless at times
32. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job
33. I am usually self-conscious
34. I am inclined to take things hard
35. At times I think I am no good at all
36. I am certainly lacking in self-confidence
37. I sometimes feel that I am about to go to pieces
38. I am entirely self-confident
 Generalized
anxiety disorder
 2/3 women
 Free floating anxiety
 Panic
disorder
 Panic attacks
 Phobias
 Specific phobia
 Social phobia
 Agoraphobia
PHOBIAS
PHOBIAS
 Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
 An obsession versus a compulsion
 Checkers
 Hand washers
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g&noredirect=1
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
 Post-traumatic
stress disorder
 PTSD
 “shellshock” or “battle fatigue”
 Not just due to a war situation
 Post-traumatic
growth
 Fear
conditioning
 Stimulus generalization
 Reinforcement
 Observational
learning
 Natural
 Genes
selection
 Anxiety gene
 Glutamate
 The
Brain
 Anterior cingulate cortex
 Somatoform
disorder
 Somatic (body)
 Conversion disorder
 Hypochondriasis
 Dissociative
disorders
 Fugue state
 Dissociate (become separated)
 Dissociative
identity disorder (DID)
 Multiple personality disorder
 Genuine disorder or not?
 DID rates
 Therapist’s creation
 Differences are too great
 DID and other disorders
 Mood
disorders
 Major depressive disorder
 Bipolar disorder
 Major
depressive disorder
 Lethargy
 Feelings of
worthlessness
 Loss of interest in
family and friends
 Loss of interest in
activities
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Bipolar Disorder
 Mania (manic)
▪ Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for
sleep, etc.
 Bipolar disorder and creativity
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXLWa8XuJc8






Many behavioral and cognitive changes
accompany depression
Depression is widespread
Compared with men, women are nearly twice as
vulnerable to major depression
Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
Stressful events related to work, marriage and
close relationships often precede depression
With each new generation, depression is
striking earlier and affecting more people
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
 Genetic
Influences
 Mood disorders run in families
▪ Heritability
▪ Linkage analysis
 The depressed brain
 Biochemical influences
 Norepinephrine and serotonin
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Negative
Thoughts and Moods Interact
 Self-defeating beliefs
▪ Learned helplessness
▪ Overthinking
 Explanatory style
▪ Stable, global, internal explanations
 Cause versus indictor of depression?
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
 Depression’s
Vicious Cycle
 Stressful experience
 Negative explanatory style
 Depressed mood
 Cognitive and behavioral changes
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
DEPRESSION
 Schizophrenia
(split mind)
 Not multiple personalities
 Disorganized
thinking
 Delusions
▪ Delusions of persecution
(paranoid)/Word Salad
 Breakdown in selective attention
 Disturbed
perceptions
 Hallucinations
▪ hearing voices
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYwckFrksg
 Inappropriate
Emotions
 Flat affect
 Inappropriate
Actions
 Catatonia
 Disruptive social behavior
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Positive
Negative
Disorganized

Features incoherent
speech,
hallucinations,
delusions, and
bizarre behavior.

For example… talking to
imaginary people
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Disorganized

Catatonic
Paranoid
Two forms
Catatonic Stupor:


Patients may remain motionless
for hours, even days, ….
sometimes holding rigid, statue
like poses.
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Involves either stupor or
extreme excitement.

Catatonic Excitement:
Patients become agitated,
hyperactive
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type

Prominent feature:
combination of
delusions and
hallucinations. This
becomes the basis of
their real life!!
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type

Persons displaying a
combination of
symptoms that do not
clearly fit in one of the
other categories
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type

Individuals who have
had a past episode of
schizophrenia but are
free of symptoms
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia

Any form in which the
person displays
active symptoms
(e.g. delusions,
hallucinations)
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia

Any form distinguished
by deficits, such as
withdrawal and poverty
of thought processes
 Statistics on schizophrenia
 Onset of the disease
 Positive versus negative symptoms
 Chronic (process) schizophrenia
 Acute (reactive) schizophrenia
 Dopamine
Overactivity
 Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor
 Dopamine blocking drugs
 Glutamate
 Abnormal
Brain Activity and Anatomy
 Frontal lobe and core brain activity
 Fluid filled areas of the brain
 Maternal
Virus During Pregnancy
 Studies on maternal activity and
schizophrenia
 Influence of the flu during pregnancy
 Genetic predisposition
 Twin studies
 Genetics and environmental
influences
 Possible








warning signs
Mother severely schizophrenic
Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation)
Separation from parents
Short attention span
Poor muscle coordination
Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
Emotional unpredictability
Poor peer relations and solo play
 Personality
Disorders
 Anxiety cluster
 Eccentric cluster
 Dramatic/impulsive cluster
 Antisocial
personality disorder
 Sociopath or psychopath
 Understanding
antisocial personality
disorder
 Mental
health
statistics
 Influence of poverty
 Other factors