Cranford – AP Psych
AP Psychology Exam
Date:
Monday, May 2, 2016 noon
The AP Psychology exam is a two-part test, which lasts a total of 2 hours.
1.) 100 Multiple Choice = 70 minutes to complete, counts 2/3 of overall test score.
2.) 2 free response = 50 minutes to complete (@25 minutes per essay, but you manage
your own time). Counts 1/3 of overall test score. There is no choice associated with
the free response; you must answer both questions. The essays are content based.
(use psych vocab, define, explain, apply – pack in the content)
Exams are scored on a scale of 1-5, with a score of 5 being the highest grade. A score of 3 and
higher is considered passing.
Multiple Choice questions are graded by computer and students are not penalized for
answering questions incorrectly. (i.e. you should guess, even if you do not know the answer).
The free response questions are scored at the AP reading in June by a group of faculty
consultants, college professors, and AP teachers. Graders follow a strict rubric and essays are
back read to ensure reliability and consistency.
The score from the multiple-choice section is combined with the scores from your free
response questions and the total raw score is converted to the AP 5-point scale:
5 = extremely qualified
4 = well qualified
3 = qualified
2 = possibly qualified
1 = no recommendation
Most colleges and universities will accept a score of 4 or 5 for credit and placement and many
schools will accept a 3. No credit is given for a 1 or 2.
Cranford – AP Psych
Unit 1 Review Methods, Research, Stats
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Psych – science of behaviors and mental processes (blend of philosophy and
biology/physiology)
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Wilhelm Wundt
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William James
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Functionalism V. Structuralism
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7 Psych Perspectives – Humanism, Psychoanalytic, Biopsychology, Evolutionary, Behavioral,
Cognitive, Sociocultural
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Hindsight Bias, overconfidence
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Longitudinal versus cross sectional research
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Descriptive Research – case study, survey, naturalistic observation (know what it is, pros, cons)
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Correlation Research – scatter plot, line of best fit, correlation coefficient, +/-, no relationship,
correlation DOES NOT equal causation, show relationships, makes predictions
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Experiments – IV, DV, operational def, population, random sample, random assignment,
experimental group, control group, experimenter bias, participant bias, blind, double blind,
placebo, Hawthorne Effect, confounding variables, generalize, statistical significance, p-value
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Measures of central tendency – mean, median, mode
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Measures of variability – range, standard deviation
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Normal Distributions
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Skewed distributions: + and -, outliers, what happens to measures of central tendency?
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Inferential statistics - MANOVAs, ANOVAs, t-tests – statistical significance
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Validity
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Reliability
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APA Ethical Guidelines for animals and humans – informed consent, debrief, anonymity
Cranford – AP Psych
Unit 2 Neurobiology
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Neurons – parts, process of firing, electrochemical process – axon, dendrite, myelin sheath,
terminal buttons, cell body/soma, synapse, action potential, all or none, reuptake, refractory
period, resting state, electrical charges
Neurotransmitters – dopamine, serotonin, AcH, endorphins
Afferent v. Efferent Neurons
Autonomic NS
Somatic NS
Sympathetic V. Parasympathetic NS
Reflexes
Brain Imaging – legions, EEG, CAT, MRI, PET, functional MRI – which study structure, function or
both?
Hindbrain – medulla, pons, cerebellum
Midbrain – reticular formation
Forebrain – thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
Cerebral Cortex –
o Left hemisphere – language, logic
o Right hemisphere – spatial, creative, emotionally intuitive
o Corpus Callosum – split brain
Frontal Lobe – Brocas Area, Motor Cortex, judgment/reasoning center (Phineus Gage)
Parietal Lobe – Sensory Cortex
Occipital Lobe – vision
Temporal Lobe – hearing, Wernicke’s Area
Aphasia – broca’s and wernicke’s
Brain Plasticity
Endocrine System – hormones, glands – pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, testes, ovaries, pancreas
Genetics – DNA, dominant/recessive, phenotype/genotype, homozygous/heterozygous
Twin studies – identical V. fraternal
Genetic Abnormalities – Down’s Syndrome, Turner’s, Klinefelters
Cranford – AP Psych
Unit 3 Developmental Psychology
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Three major issues: nature v. nurture, continuity v. stages, stability v. change
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Cross sectional & longitudinal research
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Prenatal – conception, zygote, embryo, fetus
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Teratogens, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Reflexes: rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, 4babinski
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Newborn’s senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell
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Motor Dev.: roll, crawl, stand, walk, run (sequence is constant)
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Tabula rasa
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Piaget (father of childhood cognitive dev.), schemas, assimilation, accommodation, KNOW his
four stages well, the title, ages, benchmarks, etc.
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Criticisms of Piaget: underestimated ability, dev. More gradual and continuous
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Attachment & stranger anxiety
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Harry Harlow
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Konrad Lorenz – critical period, imprinting
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Mary Ainsworth (strange situation and attachment), secure, avoidant, anxious ambivalent (and
results)
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Baumrind’s Parenting styles: permissive, authoritarian, authoritative
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Moral Dev. Lawrence Kohlberg: preconventional, conventional, postconventional
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Carol Gilligan & criticisms of Kohlberg
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Gender Differences (Girls: more interested in making connections, more social, interdependent,
more relationships w/ deeper levels of intimacy) (Boys = more independent, competitive, selfreliant, independent), androgyny
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Freud: oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages
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Erikson: know all eight stages, time periods, conflict within, etc.
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Alzheimer’s (dementia) – know causes, stages, etc.
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Autism
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Death & dying: Elizabeth Kubler Ross’ 5 stages
Cranford – AP Psych
Sensation and Perception
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Sensation/Perception – transduction
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Bottom up/top down processing
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Absolute threshold – subliminal messages
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Signal Detection theory – false positive, false negative, response criteria
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Difference thresholds (JND) and Weber’s Law
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Sensory Adaptation
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Vision – energy sense, waves amplitude and brightness, wavelength and color, process of vision
(cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, rods/cones, bipolar, ganglion cells, optic nerve, blind spot,
occipital lobe), foveal vision, theories of color vision (Trichromatic/Young Helmholtz and
Opponent process), color blindness, after images, Hubel and Wiesel – feature detectors
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Hearing – energy sense, amplitude/loudness/decibels, wavelength/pitch/megahertz, process of
hearing (outer ear, ear canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea, hair cells,
auditory nerve, temporal lobes), pitch theories (place and frequency), deafness (conduction and
sensorineural), selective attention
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Touch: pressure, temperature, pain, concentration of nerve endings, Gate Control Theory
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Taste: chemical, taste buds, papillae, sweet, salty, bitter, sour, how smell accentuates taste
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Smell: receptor cells and olfactory bulb, connection to limbic system/hippocampus, animals
olfactory receptors
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Body Senses: kinesthetic and vestibular
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Figure Ground Relationship
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Phi phenomenon – blinking lights giving the appearance of movement
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Gestalt Psychologists – the whole is different from the sum of the parts, we perceive things in
groups, proximity, similarity, closure, continuity
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Constancy: of size, shape, and brightness
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Monocular Depth Cues: linear perspective, relative size cue, interposition, texture gradient,
shadowing
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Binocular Depth Cues: retinal disparity, convergence
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Effects of culture on perception
Cranford – AP Psych
States of Consciousness Review
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Psych’s history of C
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Levels of C (C, NonC, PreC, SubC, UnC…mere exposure effect and priming)
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Dualism v. Monism
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Circadian Rhythm
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Sleep stages: know cycle and characteristics of each – EEGs, alpha waves, delta waves, sleep
spindles
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Problems of sleep deprivation
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Melatonin
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Sleep disorders: know characteristics and treatments – insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
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Night terrors
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Dreams – manifest & latent content (Freud), info processing theory, dream’s physiological
function
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Hypnosis – role, state, and dissociation theories (hypnotic suggestibility, posthypnotic amnesia,
posthypnotic suggestion)
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Ernest Hilgard and the ice bucket experiment with the hidden observer
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Psychoactive Drugs – agonists, antagonists, tolerance, withdrawal, physical and psychological
dependence, know the 4 categories with their characteristics and examples (stimulants,
depressants, hallucinogens, opiates)
Cranford – AP Psych
Learning Review
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What is learning?
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Classical Conditioning: Pavlov, US, UR, CS, CR, delayed conditioning, trace conditioning,
simultaneous conditioning, backward conditioning, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, discrimination, John Watson, baby Albert, aversive conditioning,
second or higher order conditioning
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Biology and CC: equipotentiality, how does biology affect CC
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Behaviorism: main arguments, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Bandura
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Operant Conditioning: Thorndike the law of effect and instrumental learning, BF Skinner, the
Skinner box, + and – reinforcement, punishment and omission training, escape learning,
avoidance learning, shaping, chaining, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
discrimination, generalization, primary reinforces v. secondary reinforcers, token economy and
generalized reinforcers, Premack principle
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Reinforcement Schedules: continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement, ratio v. interval
schedules, fixed v. variable schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI), instinctive drift
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Observational Learning (social learning theory): observation modeling and imitation has
cognitive component, Albert Bandura –Bobo doll, antisocial behavior, prosocial behavior
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Edward Tolman & latent learning (rats and maze)
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Abstract Learning
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Insight Learning (Wolfgang Kohler and chimpanzees)
Cranford – AP Psych
Memory Review Sheet
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Memory
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Information Processing Model (3 box) – know well
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Levels of Processing Model
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Encoding: automatic processing, effortful processing, Ebinghaus curve
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Retrieval
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Sensory Mem: split sec holding tank, selective attention, cocktail party effect, George Sperling,
iconic mem., echoic mem.
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Short-term/working Mem: 7 + or – 2, 10-30 sec. with no further encoding, chunking, mnemonic
devices, rehearsal
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Long-term Mem.: permanent storage, unlimited capacity
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Episodic, semantic, and procedural memories
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Explicit/declarative memories versus. Implicit/nondeclarative memories
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Eidetic/photographic memories
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Serial positioning effect (primacy/recency)
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Context: semantic network theory, flashbulb mem., mood congruent mem., state dependent
mem.
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Constructive Mem.: false memories, Elizabeth Loftus
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Forgetting: decay, interference (proactive and retroactive), repression/Freud
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Hippocampus, 8anax8choline/Alzheimer’s
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Amnesia (anterograde)
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Long term potentiation
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Spacing effect
Cranford – AP Psych
Thinking and Language
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Cognition
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Types of thoughts…concepts, images
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Algorithms
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Heuristics: availability H, representative H
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Means end technique
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Obstacles to problem solving: overconfidence, belief perseverance, rigidity, functional fixedness,
confirmation bias, framing
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Creativity: originality, appropriateness, convergent and divergent thinking
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Metacognition
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Conceptual Categories – superordinate, basic, subordinate
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Relationship of lang and thought
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Elements of lang: phoneme, morpheme, grammar, semantics, syntax
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Stages of Lang Dev.: babbling, one word stage, telegraphic speech, acquisition of
grammar/syntax, overgeneralization of language
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Debate @ lang acquisition: Behaviorists V. Cognitive Psych.
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Noam Chomsky and Nativist Theory of Lang Dev: LAD, critical period, Genie
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Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir - the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Cranford – AP Psych
Intelligence Review
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Stanford – Binet: Alfred Binet, history of testing, mental age, Louis Terman
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IQ: what is it what’s the formula?
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David Wechsler – Wechsler Scale
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Controversies surrounding intel: nature V. nurture, stability V. change, G-factor V. multiple
intel., how valuable is it?, etc.
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Charles Spearman (G-factor)
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Howard Gardner (multiple intelligences, savant syndrome) – factor analysis
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Daniel Goleman and emotional intel
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Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory – analytical, practical, creative
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Is intel neurologically measurable? Know evidence
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Standardization & norms
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Reliability & ways to measure (split-half, equivalent form, test-retest)
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Validity: face, content, concurrent, predictive, construct
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Flynn Effect & possible explanations
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Aptitude tests V. Achievement Tests
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Speed tests V. power tests
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Group tests V. Individual Tests
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Extremes of intel: mental retardation (70), (Down’s Syndrome, Autism, Fetal Alcohol)
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Know normal distribution and how intel scores are distributed
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Heritability (scale 0 – 1.0) – IQ = about .75 (relatively high)
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Fluid Intelligence – crystallized intelligence
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Bias in testing?
Cranford – AP Psych
Motivation and Emotion Review
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Motivation
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Instinct Theory
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Drive Reduction Theory: needs, drives, homeostasis (primary drives = hunger,
thirst, need to sleep)
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Arousal Theory
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Incentive Theory
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Hunger Motivation: hypothalamus (lateral & ventromedial), set point theory,
glucose, insulin, external and internal eaters, Garcia effect, Bulimia, Anorexia,
obesity
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Sexual Motivation: 4 stages, hormones (estrogen & testosterone), psychological
factors, sexual orientation and what causes it, wide variance of attitudes from
person to person and culture to culture @ sex
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Social Motivation: achievement mot., intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
(overjustification effect), Management Theories X & Y
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Theories of emotion: James-Lange V. Cannon- Bard, Stanley Schacter’s Two
Factor Theory, Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
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Stress: SRRS, life change units, stressors and stress reactions, catharsis, Type A
versus Type B personalities
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Transient stressors versus chronic stressors (chronic worse)
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Hans Seyle – General Adaptation Syndrome – alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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Universal human emotions - Gestures unique to cultures
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Polygraphs (wrong 25% of time)
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Adaptation Level Theory
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Relative Deprivation Theory
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Feel good do good phenomenon
Cranford – AP Psych
PERSONALITY REVIEW
1. define personality
2. Psychoanalytic Perspective: Freud, Psychosexual stage theory (know stages, ages, conflicts, etc.),
Oedipus Complex, penis envy, Electra Crisis, castration anxiety, Fixation, importance of
unconscious, iceberg analogy, Id, Ego, Superego, projective tests (TAT, Rorschach inkblot, dream
analysis), hypnosis, Defense Mechanisms (repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction
formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation, criticisms of Freud,
impact of Freud (neo-Freudians and psychodynamic perspective)
3. Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung: personal unconscious and collective unconscious, Alfred Adler:
inferiority & superiority, Karen Horney: social not sexual tension is important in childhood, Erik
Eriksson
4. Trait Perspective: describes not concerned w/ explaining, traits thought to be stable,
nomothetic approach (Hans Eyesenck, Raymond Cattell, Big 5), factor analysis, Idiographic
(unique traits), personality inventories….are traits stable and enduring or do they depend on
who you’re with and where you are?
5. Biological Theories: Hippocrates & 4 fluids, William Sheldon’s somatotype theory
6. Humanist Perspective: not deterministic (like psych analytic & behaviorist), emph free will,
called the 3rd force, humans innately good, self-concept, self-esteem, Abraham Maslow
(hierarchy of needs, self-actualize), Carl Rogers (self-theory, unconditionally positive regard,
people should be genuine accepting and empathetic), individualism V. collectivism, Critics of
humanism…its naïve, vague, subjective, and self-centered
7. Social Cognitive Perspective: combine environment and thought, Albert Bandura – triadic
reciprocality model (reciprocal determinism), George Kelly – personal construct theory of
personality), Julian Rotter – locus of control
8. Behaviorist: personality is all learning/all environment; you can only assess what you
see/observe
9. In general…know how each perspective assesses personality and criticisms of each perspective
Cranford – AP Psych
Abnormal Psych Review
What is abnormal : MAID
Insane = legal term
DSM-IV : categorizes, diagnostic criteria – doesn’t talk @ cause or treatment, Axis I – V
Be familiar with perspective and their take on abnormality in general & on specific DO: Psychoanalytic,
Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Sociocultural, Biomedical
Rosenhan Study: power of labels, how do we treat the mentally ill?
Anxiety DO: phobias, GAD, Panic DO, OCD, Posttraumatic Stress DO (know theories @ causes)
Mood DO: Major Depression (debilitating, 2 weeks, no clear reason, women much more likely to suffer),
SAD, Bipolar/Manic-Depression, Cognitive explanations: triad/Aaron Beck, internal V. external, global V.
specific, stable V. unstable, Martin Seligman’s learned helplessness; Bio: serotonin
Schizophrenia: cancer of psych, delusions, hallucinations, flat or inappropriate affect, word salad, clang
associations, neologisms, know types: Disorganized, Paranoid, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, role of
dopamine, genetic component, diff in brains, + and – symptoms
Personality DO: Anti-social (Conduct DO in minors), Dependent, Narcissistic, Histrionic
Somatoform DO: Hypochondriasis, Conversion DO
Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity DO (MPD), psychogenic amnesia, fugue
Sexual DO: paraphilia, pedophilia, zoophilia, fetishism, voyeur, masochist, sadist
Eating DO: anorexia & bulimia
Substance abuse
Developmental/Behavior DO: Asperger/Autism, ADHD
Cranford – AP Psych
THERAPY
History: attitudes towards mental illness have changed over time
1. early society – mentally ill possessed by evil spirits. Used trephining – drill holes in head
2. Enlightenment – call to treat the mentally ill. Turn of 19th C, Dorothea Dix in U.S. and
Philippe Pinel in France = reformers for humane treatment of the mentally ill
3. Post 1950s – with advancement in medications, move for deinstitutionalization: release
mentally ill & treat as outpatients. (problems?…many homeless)
4. Recently – emphasis on preventative efforts
PSYCHOANALYTIC = Sigmund Freud
Issue: uncover patient’s repressed unCon issues & emotions. Person’s symptoms are outward
manifestation of deeper problems
1. defense mechanisms
2. Key techniques:
- Free association
- Projective tests (Rorschach ink blot, Thematic Apperception test, TAT)
- Dream interpretation (manifest & latent content)
- Hypnosis
3. Transference: patients transfer feelings to therapist
HUMANISTIC = Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
Issue: boosting the patient’s self-esteem and helping him realize his potential, possibilities for growth,
and self-actualization
1. Key Techniques:
- Unconditional + regard
- Client centered therapy
- Active listening (parroting)
- Show empathy, concern, and genuine regard for patient
2. Important ideas:
- self-actualization
- hierarchy of needs
- people innately good
- free will…….not deterministic
Cranford – AP Psych
BEHAVIORAL = Pavlov, BF Skinner, John Watson, Bandura
Issue: focus on correcting negative behavior by replacing it w/ positive incentives and rewards. ALL
behavior is learned.
1. Classical Cond.: extinguish the negative conditioned response & replace it w/ a pleasant one
- Counter cond: replace anxiety w/ relaxation
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Systematic Desensitization: proceed up anxiety hierarchy by imagining (in vivo
desensitization; experience anxiety hierarchy live)
- Implosive Therapy – imagine most frightening scenario (at top of hierarchy); flooding
don’t imagine but experience it
- Aversive cond.: pair a bad habit w/ an unpleasant stimulus
2. Operant Cond: + and – reinforcement & punishment. Token economy, behavioral contract
3. Modeling/Social Learning – Bobo Doll
COGNITIVE THERAPY = Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis
Emphasis on showing the patient their thoughts are irrational & counterproductive.
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attributional style: internal V. external, global V. specific, stable V. unstable
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) – Ellis; expose & confront dysfunctional thoughts
Beck’s cognitive triad: beliefs @ self, world, future
Establish an internal locus of control to avoid learned helplessness
SOMATIC/DRUG THERAPIES (PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY)
Emphasis on biomedical causes (chemical imbalances, structural abnormalities of the brain, genetic
predisposition)
- The more severe a DO, more likely drugs will be used
1. Anti-Psychotic drugs (schizophrenia)
- Thorazine or Haldol – control hallucinations & delusions
- Block receptor sites for dopamine
- Side effect = tardive dyskinesia (Parkinson like muscle tremors)
2. Anti-Depressants (mood DO)
- unipolar depression - Prozac & Zoloft to increase serotonin
- Bi polar = lithium
3. Anti-Anxiety
- barbiturates – valium, 15anax: depress activity of Central Nervous System
4. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): electric shock (bilateral – both hemispheres; unilateral – one
hemisphere). Negative side effects = may cause seizure or loss of memory
5. Psychosurgery: i.e. frontal lobotomy
Cranford – AP Psych
Social Psych Review
Attitudes: mere exposure effect, rules of advertising, + or -, central and peripheral route to persuasion
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Compliance Strategies: foot in the door, door in the face, norms of reciprocity
Attribution Theory: dispositional/person V. Situation and Stable V. unstable; Harold Kelly’s consistency,
distinctiveness, consensus; Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-fulfilling prophecy
False consensus effect
Self –Serving Bias
Just World belief
Stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination; out group homogeneity; in group bias; contact theory
Aggression: instrumental & hostile aggression, frustration-aggression hypothesis
Prosocial Behav: bystander intervention: diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance
Attraction: similarity, proximity, reciprocal liking
Social Facilitation & social impairment
Conformity – Solomon Asch
Stanley Milgram’s obedience study
Group Behavior: norms, roles, social loafing, group polarization, group think
Cranford – AP Psych
AP Psych Confusing Pairs:
Independent Variable (manipulated by experimenter) V. Dependent Variable (being measured)
Experimental Group (gets IV, group tested) V. Control Group (comparison group, placebo)
Left Brain (language, logic) V. right brain (spatial, creative)
Corpus Callosum (fibers connecting L/R hemispheres) V. Cerebral Cortex (covers brain, ultimate processing center)
Sympathetic NS (arouses the body) V. Parasympathetic (calms the body)
Neurotransmitters (chemicals in the nervous system) V. Hormones (chemicals in the endocrine system)
Lateral Hypothalamus (stimulates hunger) V. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (suppresses hunger)
Broca’s Area (speech, left frontal) V. Wernicke’s Area (comprehension, left temporal)
Identical twins (same fertilized egg divides) V. fraternal twins (two separate fertilized eggs)
Afferent Neurons (sensory, body to brain) V. Efferent (motor, brain to body)
Assimilation (it fits the schema) V. Accommodation (it doesn’t fit, I adjust the schema)
Rods (night time, peripheral vision) V. cones (day time, color, center vision)
Primacy effect (remember beginning) V. Recency (remember end)
Proactive Interference (old info blocks the new) V. Retroactive Interference (new info blocks old)
Recall (no cues) V. recognition (prompts, cues)
Algorithm (step by step, fool proof) V. Heuristic (rule of thumb short cut)
Representative Heuristic (stereotype) V. Availability Heuristic (info readily available)
Phonemes (smallest unit no meaning) V. Morpheme (smallest unit with meaning)
Fluid Intel (aptitude, ability) V. Crystallized Intel (achievement, content mastery)
Validity (accuracy) V. reliability (consistency)
Aptitude (ability) V. Achievement (what you’ve learned)
Intrinsic Motivation (personal satisfaction) V. extrinsic motivation (for rewards)
Theory X (assumes employees extrinsically motivated – controlling) V. Theory Y (assumes employees intrinsically
motivated – hands off)
Internal Locus of Control ( I am in control) V. External Locus of Control ( I am a victim of my circumstances)
Type A (high stress) V. Type B (low stress)
Serotonin (associated with depression – too little) V. Dopamine (associated with schizophrenia – too much)
Blind (participants don’t know who got treatment) V. Double Blind (participants and experimenter don’t know who
got treatment)
Cranford – AP Psych
Important People
Adler, Alfred – Neo-Freudian
Ainsworth, Mary – attachment, strange situation
Asch, Solomon - conformity
Bandura, Albert – Bobo doll, triadic reciprocality
Beck, Aaron
Binet, Alfred – mental age
Cannon/Bard Theory of Emotion – physical change/emotion simultaneous
Chomsky, Noam – language acquisition device
Ellis, Albert – rational emotive therapy (cognitive perspective)
Erikson, Erik – psychosocial development stages
Eyesenck, Hans – Personality – introvert/extrovert; stable/unstable
Freud, Sigmund - Psychoanalysis
Gibson, Eleanor – visual cliff, depth perception
Gilligan, Carol – issue with Kohlberg, female morality
Goleman, Daniel - EQ
Harlow, Harry – attachment, monkeys
Hilgard, Ernest – hypnosis, hidden observer, dissociation
Horney, Karen – neo-Freudian
James, William – 1st Psych text, Principles of Psychology
James/Lange Theory of Emotion – physical change precedes emotion
Jung, Carl – Neo Freudian – collective uncon
Kohlberg, Lawrence – moral development
Kohler, Wolfgang – insight learning, chimpanzees
Loftus, Elizabeth – false memories, eye witness testimony
Lorentz, Konrad – imprinting, ducklings
Luria, Alexandra – eidetic memory
Maslow, Abraham – hierarchy of needs
Milgram, Stanley – shock/obedience studies
Cranford – AP Psych
Pavlov, Ivan –classical conditioning; dogs
Piaget, Jean – cognitive development, schemas
Rogers, Carl – Humanist, client centered therapy, unconditional + regard
Schacter, Stanley – 2 factor theory of emotion
Seligman, Martin – learned helplessness/depression
Selye, Hans – stress, general adaptation syndrome
Skinner, BF – operant conditioning
Spearman, Charles – G factor
Sperling, George – sensory memory – iconic and echoic
Sternberg, Robert – triarchic theory of intel
Terman, Louis – Stanford Binet IQ test
Tolman, Edward – latent learning
Watson, John – classical conditioning, baby Albert
Wechsler, David – Wechsler IQ scale
Whorf, Benjamin – linguistic determinism/relativity
Wundt, Wilhelm – 1st Psych lab in Germany, late 1800s
Cranford – AP Psych