Pangaea and
Continental Drift

There were
three steams
of Migration
the first about
13,000 years
ago the 2nd
occurred
around 6000
BC and the
3rd around
3000 BC.
According to
the textbook
Bering strait and the Land Bridge
Migration may
have come by
boat to South
America
University
archaeologists found
14,000-year-old
knives while studying
elephant ancestors.,
All of this may
indicate that the
theory of Exclusive
migration from the
Bering Strait is
flawed.

By 3000 BC (5000 YEARS AGO) Some
Native American Peoples began to develop
Horiculture.
Mayan

The Mayans had an
Advanced civilization
which included complex
water storage and
irrigation systems,
Huge stone temples,
and astronomy which
was used to develop a
an accurate calendar
which was able to
predict solar and lunar
eclipses. They also
created a wheel and
used it as a toy.
AZTECS
the Aztecs built what are
called chinampas.
Chinampas are areas of
raised land, These “raised
beds” were separated by
narrow canals, which
allowed farmers to move
between them by canoe.
The chinampas were
extremely fertile pieces of
land, and yielded, on
average, seven crops
annually.
Hopewell's, Mogollon & Anazazi
Other advanced tribes were the
Hopewell's who were mound builders in
Mississippi from AD 100 to 400.
 The Mogollon & Anasazi of Arizona and
New Mexico were Pueblo builders. The
Anasazis also built
miles of straight roads
for trade, but declined
presumably by
drought.


Many of the labors of native Americans were
divided by sex. The men doing the Hunting, and
women doing the gathering. As Some tribes East
of the Mississippi River developed agriculture,
Particularly the Iroquois Nation, The women
took on the responsibility of Farming and
because agriculture became the source of Wealth
for these tribes, this led to a Matrilineal
inheritance system.

On the eve of European Colonization of the
Americas, Most Western Europeans lived in
Small , relatively isolated communities,
and rarely
went further
than 15 miles
from their
homes in
their entire
lives.

In Dealing with Pre-Christian Pagan
festivals and the agricultural cycle, Roman
and Medieval Catholicism Attempted to
integrate Pagan traditions with Christian
Holy Days
and
Biblical
teachings,
In order to
aid in
conversions.

African Slavery began as one tribe would
defeat another tribe, and take the
survivors as slaves. As the Portuguese
developed strong trade relations in Africa,
They began to trade for slaves. As Europe
Moved into
the American
Colonies the
need for
cheap labor
drove other
Europeans into
slave trade.
In 1492 Cristobal Colon(Christopher
Columbus) landed in the Bahamas by luck,
as he way underestimated the size of the
globe.
 The Spanish were able to control the Indian
population due to Smallpox and other

diseases that they
decimated the Native
populations from the
40 million people in 1400s
to approximately 3 million
that survived in 1650.
brought which
Old World crops such as wheat, barley,
rice, turnips& Livestock had traveled
west across the Atlantic . New World
crops such as maize, white potatoes,
sweet potatoes, Pumpkins, Avocados
manioc, Tobacco, Chocolate & Alpaca
wool traveled East to Europe.
THE
Columbian
EXCHANGE

Malinche & Cortez
Cortez met
Malinche a
smart Native
Who was quickly
able to learn
languages and
translate for
Cortez.
Cortez relied
on her to
help him
conquer the
Aztecs

Henry VIII &
John Calvin
Spain was the
wealthiest most
powerful nation
in the world
because of their
American claims.
England was
behind because
of turmoil at
home, both
religious and
political.
John Calvin helps to bring the religious
Protestantism to England . Henry Breaks
away from the Catholic Church in order to
get a divorce. The Church of England is
much like the Catholic church except that
the King is the head of the church.
 John Calvin Introduces the Concept of
PREDESTINATION. Members of the Church
of England adopt this idea. They want to
purify the Church of England and they
become known as Puritans.


The Puritans, many would move to the
North Eastern American Colonies, believed
in Calvin’s Idea in Predestination, and felt
that everyone should be able to read and
interpret the Bible for themselves. For this
reason The Puritans believed in education
and literacy for everyone (even for
women, but in a more limited fashion).
 The
Enclosure acts in England
between 1500 and 1600 took common
land away from the peasants and gave it
to landed gentry. This had the effect of
forcing peasants into begging or factory
labor which helped the industrial
revolution.

The English decision to remove the Pope from the
authority of the English Church, Kept England in
turmoil for years, with new Kings and Queens
bringing back First Catholicism, then again The
Church of England. King Philip the II attacked
England in 1588 Primarily to eradicate
Protestantism in England & Holland. The defeat of
the Spanish Armada in 1588 led to the reduced
power of Spain and the Increased power of
England,
Which allowed
the English to
begin to Colonize
the Americas.



When England did get into colonizing the
monarchy wanted to insure that the colonies
benefitted the mother Country so it developed
MERCANTILISM through the Navigation
acts. These raised import duties and only
allowed the colonies to purchase exports
from England, and encouraged the colonies
to produce raw materials and farm goods.
The British Monarchy gained power from the increased
import duties that added to the treasury and maximized
exports of manufactured goods ,
while utilizing the colonies to
Produce unfinished products such
as Dyes, lumber, tobacco etc.
New England , Middle, &
Southern Colonies Compared
 Culture:
New England ,
British, Middle Mixed,
Southern British
Religion: Puritan, Mixed,
Anglican
Economy: Shipping,
yeoman farmers,
shipbuilding: Farming,
trading. Plantations
 1675
former Indentured
servants want land. Landlords
either renege on property
agreements or newly freedman
lose the title to their land.
 Prediction :What is the effect of
the great divide in wealth and
the demand for more cheap
land?
Revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676,
led by Nathaniel BACON .
Reasons: High taxes, low prices
for tobacco, Gov. Berkeley's
refusal to take the offense against
Indians. and resentment against
special privileges given those close
to the governor, Sir William
Berkeley.
Bacon led two successful attacks
against Indians and was then
elected to the House of Burgesses.
Berkeley had him arrested before
he could take his seat. after
released, Bacon’s followers
marched on Jamestown, and
continued his attacks on Indians.
The governor, fled but returned
and proclaimed Bacon and his men
rebels and traitors.
Bacon recaptured the capital
(Berkeley again took flight) and
set fire to the town. Bacon died
suddenly (Oct., 1676), and
without his leadership the
rebellion collapsed. Rebels were
hanged and Berkeley retook
control.. If you were a rich land
owner, what would you do to
prevent this from happening again?

William Bradford
and the Pilgrims
1620 These
Puritans were
“separatist” who
came over on the
Mayflower: they
landed away from
Virginia in Plymouth
and did not have a
Charter, so they
made a covenant,
called the Mayflower
compact Textbook
calls it a “constitution”
but it is not.

Plymouth is a democratic
system in its structure,
and they were
determined to separate
church from state. In
1630 Governor John
Winthrop brought over
900 Puritans to
Massachusetts Bay
Colony they were not
“separatist” . They
insisted on linking church
and state and limited its
right to vote and hold
office to church members.
PURITANS





They became “Congregationalists”
Believed in PREDESTINATION
In spite of Democratic ideals, laws reflected
religious ideals and punishments were harsh.
Those that held controversial views were
purged , such as Roger Williams who in 1635
accused the church of mistreated the Indians.
He Founded Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations.
Anne Hutchinson was expelled for holding
church in her home, and teaching
Antinomianism. ****
SALEM WITCH HUNTS 1692
19 people
hanged for
witchcraft in
Salem and
Andover.
 Giles Corey
Pressed to
death

 Possible causes of the Witch Hunts:
 Ergot poisoning (Unlikely)
 Repressed Society’s impact on young
girls
 Rivalries between community
members and land ownership
conflicts
 Indian attacks on villages, left
Puritan’s feeling the Devil was in
Massachusetts.
 The belief in Supernatural causes for
natural events.
 The
Next generation would see the
rise of the Enlightenment.
 A Puritan whose house had been
struck by lightening had obviously
offended god….
 Ben Franklin experiments with
lightening reveal a scientific cause
and a scientific solution… The
Lightening Rod.