Berridge
Unconscious emotion components
What is an
unconscious emotion?
“Our feeling … IS the emotion.”
William James
What is an emotion? (1894)
“So for emotions, feelings and
affects to be unconscious would
be quite out of the question.”
Sigmund Freud
The Unconscious (1915)
Unconscious emotion?
Zajonc Öhman Wilson
Damasio LeDoux Winkielman
Analogous to nonconscious blindsight or implicit memory …
Components?
Affective building blocks
Even simplest emotion contains affective building blocks
Dissociate
Conscious
Emotion
Core
Building
Blocks
Positive
affect
(reward)
‘Like’
‘Want’
Construct
Fear
Desire
?
What causes hedonic ‘liking’?
Brain hedonic hotspots
Generating pleasure ‘liking’ via a network of opioid islands
Hedonic hotspots: Peciña, Smith, Berridge (2006)
‘Liking’ & ‘Disliking’ expressions to taste
Reflect palatability of physiological hunger, learning, & brain hedonics
Neural hierarchy: forebrain hedonics control brainstem reactions
Brain hedonic hotspot network
Generating pleasure ‘liking’ for incentives
Nucleus Accumbens hotspot
Opioid DAMGO microinjections
in hedonic hotspots (nucleus
accumbens shell or ventral
pallidum).
Increases ‘liking’ reactions to
sweetness
Hedonic hotspots: Peciña, Smith, Berridge (2006)
Dopamine: Breaking apart simple reward
Rewards activate dopamine & nucleus accumbens
Liking, Predicting or Wanting?
Win money!
Positive Emotions
Expect reward
Meta-analysis
O’Doherty et al 2004
Knutson et al 2004
Social (trusted face) reward
Weger et al 2003
McLure et al 2004
Singer et al 2004
Hippocampus
DA Amplifies CS+ Incentive Code
Thalamus
Orbitomedial Frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral Tegmental Area
Ventral Pallidum
SNc/SNr
Hypothalamus
CS
Trained brain
normally fires to
first cue
US
incentive
salience
Then to 2nd
and to sugar
reward
pursuit
Decision
Utility
CS+1
CS+2
Predicted utility
SugarUCS
Time
Incentive cue
Tindell, Berridge, Zhang,
Peciña, Aldridge, 2005
Hippocampus
DA Amplifies CS+ Incentive Code
Thalamus
Orbitomedial Frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral Tegmental Area
Ventral Pallidum
SNc/SNr
Hypothalamus
CS
Drug
sensitization
magnifies
impact of
second
incentive cue
US
incentive
salience
pursuit
Decision
Utility
Decision utility
‘wanting’
CS+1
CS+2
SugarUCS
Time
Incentive cue
Tindell, Berridge, Zhang,
Peciña, Aldridge, 2005
Hippocampus
DA Amplifies CS+ Incentive Code
Thalamus
Orbitomedial Frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral Tegmental Area
Ventral Pallidum
SNc/SNr
Hypothalamus
CS
Amphetamine
on board also
magnifies
impact of
second
incentive cue
US
incentive
salience
pursuit
Decision
Utility
Decision utility
‘wanting’
CS+1
CS+2
SugarUCS
Time
Incentive cue
Tindell, Berridge, Zhang,
Peciña, Aldridge, 2005
Hippocampus
DA Amplifies CS+ Incentive Code
Thalamus
Orbitomedial Frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Cue-triggered firing by VP neurons
Nucleus Accumbens
Ventral Tegmental Area
Ventral Pallidum
SNc/SNr
Hypothalamus
CS
Combination
especially
magnifies
impact of
second
incentive cue
US
incentive
salience
pursuit
Decision
Utility
Decision utility
‘wanting’
CS+1
CS+2
SugarUCS
Time
Incentive cue
Tindell, Berridge, Zhang,
Peciña, Aldridge, 2005
Implications of ‘liking’ vs ‘wanting’?
Incentive-Sensitization theory of Addiction
Terry Robinson
Addiction
Relative
Effect
Initial
Use
Incentive
Value
Subjective
Pleasure
Time
Positive
affect
(reward)
Neural Sensitization of mesolimbic
dopamine systems: Hyper-excitable
Caused by amphetamine, cocaine, heroin,
alcohol, nicotine…
Lasts years…
‘want’
‘like’
‘Wanting’ is triggered by cues: Images & imagery
Simultaneous synergy: Reward cue & brain dopamine activation
Ordinary desires differ chiefly in degree of brain activation?
Shared affective building block
for positive & negative emotion?
Dissociate
Emotion
Building
Blocks
Positive
affect
(reward)
‘Like’
‘Want’
Construct
Fear
Desire
?
Nucleus Accumbens shell
Bivalent emotion from corticolimbic tweaks
(Glutamate AMPA blockade by shell DNQX)
•Positive front
, Negative back
•No neutral center
•Ambivalent middle: +/- both together
Appetitive positive
Aversive fear
(eat, prefer, ‘like’)
(bite, distress, ‘dislike’)
Anterior
Front
Reynolds & Berridge, 2003
Back
Posterior
Natural ‘dread reaction’
Fearful defensive treading
(from Donald Owings & Richard Coss)
0
Natural ‘dread reaction’
Fearful defensive treading
(from Donald Owings & Richard Coss)
0
Affective building blocks &
Fear versus Desire
• What do ‘ambivalent sites’ in the middle mean?
• Simultaneous desire/dread fixed valence channels?
• Or flexible limbic block built into opposite emotions?
Emotion
Affective
Building
Blocks
Fear
Desire
?
Construct
But does valence overlap actually reflect
flexibility of affective building block?
• Can same limbic block be used to build desire or fear ?
Fear
Desire
?
?
Test using situational appraisal:
Can same building block be used for both
desire & fear?
3 situations for test
•
Comfortable Home
–
•
Dark, quiet, familiar
Regular Lab
–
•
Standard test
Aversively noisy & bright
–
–
Iggy Pop music: loud discordant
Bright lights
Reynolds & Berridge
Place Conditioning
Self-administration
choice
• Iggy Pop
?
?
Home sweet home
But rats avoid Iggy Pop
Home vs. Lab
1000
Home
Lab
800
Home
600
)e
c
s
(
e
m
Ti
400
**
200
**
**
**
Lab
0
12
3
15-min Time Bin
4
Lab vs. Iggy Pop
1000
Lab
Iggy
Lab
800
600
)c
e
s
(
e
m
Ti
400
**
200
0
**
12
**
3
15-min Time Bin
**
4
Iggy
Place Conditioning
Self-administration
choice
• Iggy Pop
?
?
Home sweet home
But rats avoid Iggy Pop
Home vs. Lab
1000
Home
Lab
800
Home
600
)e
c
s
(
e
m
Ti
400
**
200
**
**
**
Lab
0
12
3
15-min Time Bin
4
Lab vs. Iggy Pop
1000
Lab
Iggy
Lab
800
600
)c
e
s
(
e
m
Ti
400
**
200
0
**
12
**
3
15-min Time Bin
**
4
Iggy
Causation maps for
motivation valence
Home comfort converts
fear into desire
Anterior
Iggy Pop converts
desire into fear
Anterior
Posterior
Posterior
Flexible building blocks?
Suggests the same limbic building block can construct
opposite emotions
Fear
Desire
?
?
Conclusions
Counterintuitive emotion components
Emotions
Conscious
Unconscious
Components
Positive
affect
(reward)
‘Like’
‘Want’
Fear
Desire
?
Types of Miswanting
• Conventional miswanting
•
Gilbert, Wilson, Kahneman
Choosing what one wrongly expects to like
Kahneman Reward utilities:
(Decision U = Predicted U) > Experienced U
• Affective forecasting
• Distorted predicted utility
• More irrational ‘miswanting’
•
• Choosing what one does NOT expect to like
• Decision U > (Predicted U = Experienced U)
Today’s thesis:
Brain mesolimbic dopamine activation may elevate
decision utility alone
Humans ‘want without like’?
Ex: False ‘pleasure electrodes’
• Rat LH stimulation
– Food ‘wanting’ without ‘liking’
• Famous 1960s human studies
– Neurologists implanted patients
• Robert Heath, M.D.
• Patient B-19 - 20-yr man –MFB electrode
– Stimulated electrode 1500 times in a session,
protested whenever stimulator taken away
(p. 6, Heath, 1972)
– “feelings of pleasure, alertness, and warmth
(goodwill); he had feelings of sexual arousal and
described a compulsion to masturbate.”
Positive
affect
(reward)
But really pleasure?
– No exclamations of pleasure
– And electrode did not substitute for sex
– Electrode only made him want sex more…
‘want’
‘like’