The Etruscans, Archaic Italy
Vocabulary
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Etruscan
Terracotta
Tufa
Haruspex
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Acroteria
Cella/cellae
Tumulus
Trempe l’oeil
Etruscan
Territories
The Etruscans, Archaic Italy
• Etruscans existed in Northern Italy (Tuscany)
since as early as the 8th century BCE
• 7th-6th centuries BCE, Etruscans ruled as kings
of Rome
• By the end of the 6th century BCE, the last
Etruscan king was conquered by the Romans
• Highly skilled bronze artists
Porta Augusta, Perugia, Italy, 3rd-2nd century BCE
Typical Etruscan Temple Model, 6th century BCE
•Tuscan Doric, Acroteria, 3 Cellae, Tufa, Haruspex
Plan of Etruscan Temple
Roman Architectural Orders
Apollo, From the
Portonaccio Temple, Veii,
510-500 BCE
•Terracotta
•Acroteria
Underground Etruscan Tumulus (tumuli)
Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, 3rd Century BCE
•Trempe l’oeil
Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Cerveteri,
520 BCE
Capitoline Wolf, Rome, 500-430 BCE
Aule Metele,
Cortona,
80 BCE
•Arringatore
Ancient Rome
Vocabulary
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Patricians
Plebians
Engaged columns
Verism
Atrium
Barrel Vault
Groin Vault
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Forum
Republic
Empire
Mosaic
Villa
Fresco
Linear Perspective
Atmospheric
Perspective
Ancient Rome
• Rome begins as a small village on the Capitoline Hill, the
largest of seven hills in Rome in the Region of Latium.
• Virgil’s Aeneid tells the mythological founding of Rome by
Aeneas, a refugee from Troy and the son of Venus.
• Other mythology attributes the founding of Rome to Romulus,
son of Mars, in 753 BCE.
• Rome begins as a Republic in 509 BCE after the expulsion of
the last Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus.
• Roman Republic politics is led by a Constitutional government
consisting of 2 consuls and a senate, elected from noble
families.
• The Republic lasts until the rule of Augustus in about 31 BCE
when it turns into an empire, to 400 CE.
• 211 BCE Roman general Marcellus attacks Syracuse in Greece.
Rome at the Height of its Empire
Roman, Pont du Gard, France, late 1st c BCE
Temple of
Portunus, Rome,
Late 2nd century BCE
•Engaged Column
Roman, Head of a
Patrician, 75-50
BCE
•Verism
•Republican
portraiture
•Patrician/plebian
Roman, Augustus of
Prima Porta, 20 BCE
Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, 13-9 BCE
Ara Pacis Augustae, detail, Rome, 13-9 BCE
Mt. Vesuvius
Forum of Pompeii
79 CE
88 BCE Pompeii becomes
a Roman city
House of the
Vetii,
Pompeii,
62-79 CE
Atrium
Peristyle Garden
Fresco,
Herculaneum,
2nd century BCE
Roman, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, 60-50 BCE
Gardenscape, Villa of Livia at Prima
Porta, ca. late 1st c BCE
•Atmospheric Perspective
Roman, Villa of Publius
Fannius Synistor,
Boscoreale, late 1st c CE
Still Life, Herculanium, before 79 AD
Young Woman Reading, Pompeii,
before 79 AD
Arch of Titus,
Rome, 81 CE
Arch of Titus, Detail
Colosseum, Rome, 70-80 CE
Column of Trajan,
Rome, 113-116 CE
Middle Aged
Flavian Woman,
Rome, late 1st
century CE
Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 CE
•Pantheon-temple of all
gods
•Coffered ceiling
•Oculus
•Rotunda
Baths of Caracalla,
Rome,
211-217 CE
Groin Vault
Mosaic
Equestrian Statue of
Marcus Aurelius,
Roman, 176 CE
Four Tetrarchs, Late
Roman, ca. 300 CE
•Tetrarchy: 2 Augustii
(Sr.Emperor) and 2 Caesars
(Jr. Emperor)=four emperors.
•One of each in the Western
capital: Rome and in the
Eastern capital: Byzantium
•Porphyry
Constantine the
Great, 325-326,
Rome
•First Christian Emperor of
the Roman Empire, Jr.
Emperor in the West
•Defeats Maxentius in 313 at
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
to be sole ruler in the West
•Defeats Licinius in 324 to
become sole ruler of the
Empire
•Moves capital to
Byzantium-Constantinople
Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE
Roundels date 130-138 CE
Late Roman, Audience Hall, Trier, Germany, 4th cent.
•Nave
•Apse
Late Roman, Priestess of
Bacchus, from the Diptych of
the Symmachi, ca. 390-401
•391 Pagan worship banned by
Theodosius I