BOT-2: Gross Motor
Bruininks-Oserentsky Test of Motor
Proficiency- 2nd Edition
Key characteristics
 Purpose
 Evaluate proficiency of motor skills
 Support diagnoses, screening (short form), educational placement
(physical education), etc.
 Most widely used motor proficiency test
 Age
 4yrs -21yrs 11 months
 Time
 Complete form= 40-60 minutes
 Short Form= 15-20 minutes
 Cost
 Gross motor kit- $515.00
Gross motor
Body
coordination
Strength &
Agility
Bilateral
coordination
Running
speed and
agility
Balance
Strength
Gross Motor Domains

Gross motor composite total: 26 items
 Body coordination: motor skills used with balance & coordination
of the upper and lower extremities
 Strength & agility: large muscle strength, motor speed, and motor
skills for maintaining body position for walking and running
Procedures
 Testing procedures
 Standardized test: administered & scored according to specific




procedures
Gross motor should be performed in an area 60 feet long 12 feet wide
Determine hand preference: set a tennis ball on the table and ask the
examinee to pick up the ball and throw to you.
Foot preference: place tennis ball on floor and instruct the examinee
to kick the ball
Within each subtest the entire item set should be administered
regardless of the child’s age
Procedures
•
Administration procedures
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•
•
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Structured
Can teach the item using pictures, physical demonstration, or
verbal instruction
Establish rapport
Administrative options:
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•
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Complete form: most reliable measure of overall motor proficiency
Short form: quick and easy overall measure & also used to
determine the need for further assessment
Select composites & select subtest: can administer only subtests or
composites that are relevant to the client’s need but the complete
form should be used for qualifying a client for special-education
services or diagnosis such as DCD
Examples of test items
 Gross motor
 Body coordination
 Bilateral coordination
 Jumping jacks, tapping foot and finger
 Balance
 Walking forward on a line, standing on one leg on a balance beam
 Strength & Agility
 Running speed & agility
 Shuttle run, one-legged side hop
 Strength
 Standing long jump, sit-ups, push-ups
Standardization
•Scores identify motor-skill
deficits in individuals with
mild to moderate motor
control problems
 Sample:
 N=1520
 12 groups of 4-21 year olds
 Sample tested in 239 sites within 38 states
 Based on the Current Population Survey
(Bureau of the Census, 2001) & the Twentysixth Annual Report to Congress (U.S.
Department of Education, 2004)
 Sampling goal to match US population:

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Sex
Race/ethnicity (closely matched US
population)
Socioeconomic status
Geographic region
Development
 Started out as the BOTMP in 1978
 2002 product survey identified less effective items within the
test
 New content focused on improving measurement among 4 & 5
year olds, and expanding coverage of fine and gross motor skills
 Secondary goal
 Subtest more homogenous collection of activities
 2005 final publication of the BOT-2
Psychometric Properties
Internal consistency
Test-retest
Reliability
Interrater Reliability
Domains (0.86-0.92)
Test-retest study
N=134
Interrater reliability:
Manual coordination,
body coordination,
and strength & agility
0.98-0.99
Sub-domains (0.770.86)
Mean re-test interval
7-42 days
Fine motor: 0.92
Total BOT-2 Score
(0.95-0.96)
Age 4-7=0.81
Age 8-12=0.80
Age 13-21= 0.75
Psychometric Properties
Continued
Validity
Content
Validated through logical & empirical
procedures that were used to select items
during development
Construct
Used a composite structure that
distinguishes motor skills by limbs and
musculature involved in relationship to
functional activities in areas of postural
control, locomotion, and object
manipulation
Clinical group difference
Supports diagnosis of motor
performance deficits
Criterion
BOTMP, PDMS-2, TVMS-R
Scoring & Recording
Results
 Converting raw scores to point scores
 Compute subtest total point scores
 Convert scale scores to composite standard scores
Interpretation
•Well below average
•Below average
•Average
•Above average
•Well above average
Test characteristics
 Areas of occupation
 Education (physical education)
 Play
 Assessment approach
 Bottom-up approach
 Frame of Reference
 Developmental
Where would this tool be used?
 Private practice
 School system
 Performed in a gymnasium
 Area should be 60 feet long and 12 feet wide, low
distractions
Measurement concerns
 Normative data did not represent for populations outside
of the US
 Cost: Complete form test kit= $837.00
 Area, size, requirements, special equipment
 Examinee dependent
 Assessment time