入世 :
Classicism
Reception ( 接受某
種論述之後而採取的
行為 )
Perception ( 如何去感知、
經驗 )
Spiritual need
Physical need
出世 :
Christianity,
Conception ( 如何去理解所經驗的客體 )
Romanticsim
Spiritual need: 生成於形而上，落實於形而下 ( 生活，物質 )
Physical need: 生成於形而下，結果於形而上 ( 文化、政治、社會、宗教，精神 )

To the glory that was Greece
And the grandeur that was Rome.
-- Edgar Allen Poe “To Helen”
• Founding of Rome: 753 B.C.
• Roman Republic: 509 B.C. ~31 B.C.
1. First Triumvirate: Pompei, Caesar, Carasus: 60 B.C.
2. Second Triumvirate: Antony, Lepidus, Ocavian: 43 B.C.
• Roman Empire : (Golden Age)
31B.C. ~ A.D. 476
(end of Western Roman Empire)
The first Roman emperor: Ocavian under the name of Augustus

Helen, thy beauty is to me
Like those Nicean barks of yore,
That gently, o'er a perfum'd sea,
The weary way-worn wanderer bore
To his own native shore.
On desperate seas long wont to roam,
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
To the beauty of fair Greece,
And the grandeur of old Rome.
Lo ! in that little window-niche
How statue-like I see thee stand!
The folded scroll within thy hand ?
A Psyche from the regions which
Are Holy land !
The agate lamp within thy hand,
Ah! Psyche, from the region which
Are Holy Land

Alexander The Great (323BC)-
Roman sacked Corinth (146 B.C.)

The Roman Empire at Its Greatest Extent

• 1. Etruscan Arts
• 2. Republican Art and architecture
• 3. Architecture of Early Empire
• 4. Augustan Sculpture
• 5. Late Roman Architecture and Sculpture

Capitoline She-Wolf, c. 500-480 B.C.
A bronze of a She-Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus (the mythical founders of
Rome) gives an idea of the great skill with which Etruscan artists worked.

"The Etruscans, as everyone knows, were the people who occupied the middle of
Italy in early Roman days, and whom the Romans, in their usual neighborly fashion, wiped out entirely." -D.H. Lawrence, Etruscan Places

Reconstruction of an
Etruscan temple. [Model of a typical Etruscan temple of the sixth century BC, as described by Vitruvius.]
Reconstruction drawing of the Treasury of the Siphnians. Sanctuary of Apollo at
Delphi. c. 525 BC.

Etruscan Chimira

Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, Etruscan sculpture, c. 520 B.C.
husband and wife shown in sculpted form on their tomb terra cotta

Tension of pose, sinister smile
Apollo of Veii , from the roof of the Portonaccio Temple,
Veii, Etruscan, c 510-500 B.C.

Love of nature, naturalistic observation
Tomb of Hunting and Fishing in Tarquinia, 6th Century B.C.

2. Republican Art and Architecture (509-31 B.C.)

Republican
Rome Forum
Temple

Sanctuary of Fortuna Promigenia, Palestrina
聖堂

1 st Triumbirate: Pompei, Caesar, Crassus

2nd Triumvirate: Anthony, Lipidus, Octavian

Flavian Amphitheater (The Colosseum), c. 72-80 A.D., Rome.

圓形競技場
Reconstruction model of the Colosseum.

View of the corridor of the Colosseum (Groin vaults)

Diagrams of vault barrel and groin
Arch_vault barrel
Arch_vault groin_1
Arch_vault groin 2

Model of the Forum of Augustus, late 1st c. B.C.

Reconstruction of the interior of the Basilica Ulpia.

萬神殿
View of the Exterior of the Pantheon
.
Reconstruction model of the complex of the
Pantheon of Hadrian, 118-25 A.D. Rome.

dome
Giovanni Pannini, painting of the interior of the Pantheon, c. 1750
Corinthian columns
Structural diagram of the Pantheon showing arches built into the walls.

Cross section of the Pantheon.

排水渠道
Three rows of arches
Pont du Gard (Aqueduct), late 1 st c. B.C., near N?mes, France.

凱旋門
Arch of Titus, 81 A.D., Rome, constructed by Domitian after the death of Titus.

Augustus of Primaporta, 20 B.C. or c. 14 A.D.

(altar of peace 息靈龕 )

Augustus
Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis, 13-9 B.C.

Details: Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis, 13-9 B.C.

Aeneas sacrificing , from the Ara Pacis

Tellus Relief (Air, Earth, and Sea personified), from the Ara Pacis .

Marble portrait of Constantine, c. 330 A.D.

The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova)

Epicureanism: moderation and prudence in the pursuit of pleasure
•Epicurus (341~271 B.C), founder of the Epicurean School
•Lucretius (99~55 B.C.), On the Nature of Things
Stoicism: Becoming virtuous by controlling will and desire
•Seneca (8 B.C.~ A.D. 65)
•Epictetus (c.A.D. 50~134)
•Emperor Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121~180), Meditation.

1. Horace: Odes , and Ars Poetica
2. Catullus, lyrics
3. Vergil , The Aeneid (an epic), Geogics , and Eclogues
4. Ovid, Metamorphoses (mythological tales)
5.
Livy , Annals of the Roman People (history)
6. Juvenal , Satires

Vergil's Aeneid
•Publius Vergilius Maro (70 BCE - 19 BCE)
•The Aeneid by book
1.Arrival in Carthage
2.Fall of Troy
3.
Aeneas' wanderings
4.Love and death of Dido
5.Funeral Games
6.Aeneas goes to Hades
7.Arrival in Italy, war starts with Latins
8.Trip to where Rome will later be; shield
9.Nisus and Euryalus
10.Death of Lausus and Pallas
11.Death of Camilla
12.Death of Turnus

Aeneas, Under the Protection of Venus

Book IV
•Dido in love; Anna
•Apparent reconciliation between Juno and Venus
•The hunt and the cave; "Marriage" of Dido and Aeneas
•Jupiter sends Mercury
•Aeneas departs
•Dido's suicide
•
Some themes to consider
1.
Creative imitation: How does Vergil make use of his Greek predecessors, especially Homer?
2.
Aeneas: What kind of hero is he?
3.
Rome: What does Vergil say about Rome' s destiny and her history?
4.
Augustus: What does Vergil have to say about Augustus and his role in Roman history?
5.
Suffering: How does the suffering that occurs in the poem affect our attitude towards Rome's destiny?
6.
Gods: What roles do the gods play in the poem?

BORN: c. 85 B.C.E.; Verona, Cisalpine Gaul
(now in Italy)
DIED: c. 54 B.C.E.; probably Rome (now in
Italy)
ALSO KNOWN AS: Gaius Valerius Catullus
(full name)
AREA OF ACHIEVEMENT: Literature

Catullus was born into a wealthy family of
Celtic descent in the town of Verona in
Cisalpine Gaul. His father was a friend of
Julius Caesar, and sent his young son to
Rome to learn the ways of the city. He was one of the most versatile of Roman poets, writing love poems, elegies, and satirical epigrams. He moved in the literary and political society of Rome and wrote lyrics describing his unhappy love affair with Clodia, probably the wife of the consul Metellus. His longer poems include two wedding-songs.
His work remained virtually unknown during the Middle Ages, until a manuscript of his poems came to light at Verona in the 14th century. Many of his poems, are short verses to the young boys he loved. Some of his verses have a real feeling... A cycle of eight poems (15, 16, 21, 24, 40, 48, 81, 99) concerns a youth, Juventius, which reveals that Catullus was comfortable working within the Hellenistic tradition of poetry in praise of boys.